包头市环境空气质量十年变化趋势

采用空气综合污染指数法和环境空气质量日报(API)评价方法分析了包头市2003-2012年环境空气监测数据,且运用秩相关系数法进行了趋势分析,包头市环境空气质量逐年改善,从2010年开始,连续三年三项主要污染物年均值全部达标。     

伊春市空气质量评价

根据城市环境空气中参与综合评价污染物的年均浓度,采用空气质量指数法对2013年伊春市空气质量进行定性评价,结果表明伊春市2013年二氧化硫、二氧化氮、可吸入颗粒物污染指数分别为0.40、0.58、0.65,三项污染物综合污染指数为0.33,环境空气质量为一级标准。可吸入颗粒物为主要污染物。     

层次分析法（AHP）在扬州市“十一五”环境空气质量评价中的应用研究

采用层次分析法（AHP）对扬州市“十一五”期间的环境空气质量进行了评价,并将评价结果和传统的单因子法和综合污染指数法进行了分析。结果表明,2005年一2010年扬州市环境空气质量达到二级标准,2009年、2010年的环境空气质量最佳,“十一五”期间环境空气质量整体呈好转趋势。对空气质量影响最大的因子为PM。“十一五”期间各污染物对扬州市环境空气质量的影响程度变化不大。层次分析法可综合考虑三种污染物的协同作用结果,适合于扬州市环境空气质量综合评价。     

沈阳市空气污染特征

以沈阳市8个国控环境空气监测点位和一个清洁对照点位2004年全年小时浓度为基础数据,研究了沈阳市空气PM₁₀、SO₂和NO₂的季节变化、日变化、空间分布及综合污染指数(API)等空气污染特征,并用1995～2004年的监测数据,分析了沈阳市空气质量的总体变化趋势.结果表明,首要污染物为PM₁₀,其空气污染具有典型的煤烟型污染季节特征,环境空气质量在1995～2004年期间逐年好转.     

黔江区环境空气质量评价及变化趋势

利用黔江区环境空气的监测资料,采用空气综合污染指数、Daniel趋势检验方法等评价和分析方法,研究了黔江区2012年环境空气质量状况及变化趋势。结果表明:2012年,黔江区环境空气综合污染指数为1.67,满足国家二级标准天数比例为94.2%,影响环境空气质量等级的首要污染物为可吸入颗粒物;2006—2012年环境空气质量变化趋势表明,二氧化氮和可吸入颗粒物随年份变化呈增长趋势;月变化结果表明,黔江城区环境空气质量夏季和秋季质量比春季和冬季好。     

抚顺市大气环境质量及其对策研究

利用环境空气污染综合指数法分析抚顺市大气环境质量监测数据.结果表明:ρ(TSP)年日均值为0.255 mg/m3,超过国家环境空气质量二级标准,超标0.3倍;ρ(SO₂)年日均值为0.034 mg/m3,ρ(NO₂)年日均值为0.035 mg/m3,ρ(CO)年日均值为1.42 mg/m3,均达到国家环境空气质量二级标准.同时也得出各功能区的污染状况、主要污染物特征以及贡献率,从而提出相应的解决方案和对策,为改善抚顺市大气环境质量提供科学依据.      

老边区环境空气质量综合评价

根据“十一五”期间老边区环境空气质量监测情况,采用环境空气污染负荷系数法综合指数法,通过污染物负荷系数的计算,确定老边区环境空气主要污染物和次要污染物,并对老边区环境空气质量进行简评与分析。     

科区环境空气质量现状及近年变化趋势分析

根据2017～2021年的通辽市科尔沁区空气质量监测数据,运用空气质量综合指数及达标天数比例等指标,分析了通辽市科尔沁区近五年来环境空气质量以及主要大气污染物的年度、季度变化特点。根据六项污染物的超标天数及比例判断通辽市科区的主要污染物为PM2.5、PM10和O3,并用2021年各污染物监测数据与上一个五年末（2016年）作了比较,结果显示,近五年,通辽市科区空气污染越来越轻,环境空气质量也逐步改善。     

天津市环境空气质量现状特征分析研究

利用天津市环境空气监测数据及相关资料,统计分析其环境空气质量状况.结果表明,2013年天津市环境空气质量达标率为40％,重度及以上污染日有49天,主要发生在冬季,超标日的首要污染物以细颗粒物、可吸入颗粒物和臭氧为主.在空气质量污染物构成中,细颗粒物占比为29.43％,其次为可吸入颗粒物占比22.18％,表明天津市大气污染以颗粒物为主.细颗粒物与可吸入颗粒物的月均浓度线性相关系数为0.918 4,占比为64％.除臭氧以外的五项主要污染物在冬季污染最重,夏季污染较轻,臭氧浓度变化与气温变化保持一致,夏季最高,冬季最低.在市域内,滨海新区、蓟县和西青空气质量较好,红桥、宁河和北辰空气质量较差;气态污染物比颗粒物的空间分布更受局地排放的影响,而颗粒物污染分布具有区域性趋势.     

曲靖市中心城区环境空气质量变化趋势

采用空气综合污染指数法评价体系对曲靖市区环境空气质量现状进行评价,结果表明,2003～2011年曲靖市区环境空气综合污染指数为2.12,属于轻污染,污染负荷比最大的污染物为二氧化硫。年际变化趋势研究表明,2003～2011年曲靖市区环境空气中二氧化硫综合污染指数总体下降但趋势不显著,可吸入颗粒物总体无明显变化趋势,二氧化氮总体上升但趋势不显著。月际变化趋势研究表明,受气候影响,曲靖市区全年环境空气质量夏季和秋季明显好于春季和冬季。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.