矿区地表水环境损害评估研究及案例应用

研究构建了矿区地表水环境损害评估的基本框架,明确了环境损害评估方法的优先序,并通过矿区典型案例对评估体系进行验证,分析了评估结论对于贴现率、贴现基准年等参数的敏感性。结论如下:矿区地表水环境损害可以分为水资源损害与水生生态系统服务功能损害两部分。由于重金属污染造成的水资源损害具有持久性,采用人工修复措施难以将其恢复至基线水平,且难以找到质量可比、价值可比的水资源进行补偿性修复,因此适于采用纯货币化的环境价值评估方法来量化损害。对于矿区地表水水生生态系统服务功能的损害,若可以找到与被损害水域具有相似生境而且没有被重金属污染的水域,可以通过补偿性修复措施提升水生生态系统服务功能,则优先采用等值分析法进行损害评估。通过敏感性分析,研究认为使用等值分析法时,采用较高的贴现率更能体现受损环境的价值。另外若采用等值分析法评估环境损害,建议采取将恢复方案纳入地方发展规划、建立修复监督实施机制和责任机制等方式,确保受损环境的恢复行动真正落实。     

海上溢油生态环境损害评估及展望

文章介绍了国内外海洋溢油生态损害评估方法。国外方法主要有经验公式法和计算机模型法,国内方法主要有“塔斯曼海”轮索赔案中的环境与生态损害评估法,影子工程法等,并对“塔斯曼海”轮的损害评估方法进行了着重研究。在对溢油损害评估模型和方法进行的展望中提出：重视海洋溢油的基础数据记录以及模型中参数的科学选取、建立适应于不同海域的溢油损害评估模型体系、积极发展三维海洋溢油动力模型、及时修订完善评估模型,还对溢油损害评估的法律建设和相关部门的协调配合提出意见。     

论环境污染损害评估机制

目前,我国环境污染损害评估存在缺乏环境污染损害评估技术导则、环境污染损害评估工作体系不健全、环境污染损害评估技术落后、法律法规不完善等问题,严重影响了污染者负担原则的有效落实。建议从构建环境污染损害评估技术方法体系、建立专业的环境污染损害评估机构、完善环境污染损害评估机制的相关立法等方面加以改善。     

环境损害鉴定评估的问题及破解路径

本文指出我国环境损害鉴定评估在法律法规、监管权利、评估技术体系、资金保障方面存在不足,同时建议建立完善的环境损害鉴定制度体系,需要以相关法律为核心,辅之以环境损害鉴定评估的管理机制、环境损害鉴定评估技术体系和环境损害赔偿的资金机制等政策体系。     

海洋溢油生态损害评估模型研究进展

近年来,中国沿海溢油事件频频发生,海洋溢油的损害评估越来越受到人们的关注。由于国内在这方面的研究起步较晚,尚未形成完善的溢油损害评估体系,海洋溢油事故所造成的生态损害往往被低估。本文着重介绍海洋溢油生态损害评估常用模型的研究进展,主要包括自然资源损害评估模型中的Type A模型、生境等价分析法以及针对中小型溢油的简易评估模型,分析了模型在实际应用中存在的一些问题,包括溢油数据库不够完善、部分损失难以量化、参数输入存在一定的主观性和不确定性以及深海溢油的适用性不高等。最后提出我国应通过借鉴国外相对成熟的评估方法,建立一套完善的适合我国国情的海洋溢油生态损害评估体系。     

某焦化厂污染场地环境损害评估案例研究

以某大型焦化厂土壤和地下水多环芳烃、苯污染损害评估为例,采用资源等值分析法分别开展场地土壤和地下水污染环境损害评估,并对评估结果的不确定性进行分析.结果表明,损害评估的数额（27.1亿元）与实际污染修复成本（20.5亿元）具有较大差异,损害评估额明显大于污染治理修复成本;社会贴现率的取值（1%~5%）选择对土壤污染损害评估结果影响最大,污染含水层厚度（3m~9m）、含水层孔隙度（0.25~0.35）、社会贴现率（1%~5%）和单位地下水修复成本（4000~5000元/m²）等因子对地下水污染环境损害评估的结果影响较大.资源等值分析的方法作为评估工业场地土壤和地下水污染理论和技术上较为可行,但需要精细化的立法和明确的技术导则来规范损害评估的内容、程序和方法.     

环境损害评估:国际制度及对中国的启示

随着全社会对资源环境稀缺性和环境价值认同的不断深入,世界各国从污染防治和生态环境保护实践中逐渐形成并健全了环境损害评估制度.环境损害评估的实践活动在科学研究层面对环境法学、环境经济学、环境科学、环境工程等相关学科的发展提出了新的挑战;在应用层面不断推动相关法律法规、技术方法、工作机制、程序导则的形成和完善.在比较分析美国、欧盟、日本等环境损害评估国际实践经验的基础上,明确了环境损害评估相关概念、内涵与范畴,系统梳理了各国相关法律法规、工作机制、技术导则、评估方法、资金来源以及沟通协调等制度内容.当前我国环境损害评估理论和实践都处于起步阶段,结合我国当前严峻的环境形势和社会经济发展阶段特征,借鉴国外先进经验,提出了我国环境损害评估的定位和发展方向,对探索适合我国国情的环境损害评估制度具有重要意义.     

CVM在中国资源环境价值评估中的应用

条件价值评估法（CVM）是获取资源环境等公共物品或服务全部价值的有效方法.我国引入CVM时间较短,仍处于应用相关理论、模仿各种评估方法的阶段,在问卷设计、情景描述、价值引导技术选择、模型应用及可靠性和有效性论证等方面缺少科学指导.本文从理论、方法及实践视角对CVM进行了系统梳理和总结,尤其补充了考虑受访者不确定性偏好的随机价值理论及价值引导技术选择问题.未来研究中,我国应加强CVM理论和方法体系的改进、进行多地区大规模调查、开展不同价值引导技术的比较研究、重视不确定性偏差的影响及结果的可靠性和有效性验证.     

溢油事故环境损害评估研究进展

海上溢油污染规模不断扩大,造成了严重的生态破坏和巨大的经济损失,国际海事组织通过了一系列公约,将环境损害赔偿提到议事日程。近年来,许多国家研究者精心设计了评估海洋环境损害的评估模型。本文对这些评估方法进行了梳理,得出溢油对海洋生态的损害评估研究主要集中于两个方面,一个是溢油事故发生后研究者利用实验研究溢油对各种海洋生物的影响,在此基础上,建立评估模型,事故发生后根据溢油的类型、数量及事故海域特征对环境的损害利用模型进行评估。另一个是利用指标生物或计算海洋的生态服务功能损失来评估溢油的环境损害程度。介绍了国内外实际应用的一些溢油评估模型和方法,最后对未来的环境损害评估研究和应用前景进行了展望。     

海上突发环境事件生态系统服务损失评估进展

评估海上突发环境事件对生态系统服务造成的损失,对落实生态损害赔偿制度、保证生态系统服务与功能正常发挥具有重要意义.基于生态系统服务的定义,明确了生态系统服务损失的内涵,是除直接经济损失外,生态系统产生的供给、调节、文化和支持等公益服务的损失.阐述了国内外关于海洋生态系统服务损失评估的研究现状及实践,重点介绍了美国自然资源损害评估（NRDA）体系中生境等价分析法和资源等价分析法的基本假设与主要步骤,通过等价分析法确定生态恢复工程的规模,并结合生态系统服务价值评估的研究成果确定损失.我国学者借鉴NRDA体系等开展了大量研究,提出环境损害鉴定评估、溢油生态损害评估等方法,并在"塔斯曼海"号溢油、蓬莱19-3油田溢油等典型案例中进行应用及优化,比较了不同评估方法差异及影响因素.评估损失必须首先确定事件对海洋生态的影响范围与影响程度、受体类型及敏感度等关键因子,可采用现场监测、遥感及扩散模型等方法确定影响范围与程度,在实践中一般需要综合应用、互相补充.从管理和技术层面,分析了我国海上突发环境事件生态系统服务损失评估研究现状与应急管理需求的差距,在此基础上建议:①建立健全法律体系,细化生态损害评估的责任、内容和要求,明确将生态系统服务损失纳入生态损害赔偿;②构建技术评估体系,根据化学品性质、生态系统类别及特征等,分类出台一系列技术标准;③建议在遥感遥测技术、化学品泄漏数值模型等方面进一步开展研究,提高准确度和时效性.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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