生物滴滤塔同步降解多组分挥发性有机物的实验研究

采用定向驯化活性污泥接种生物滴滤塔(BTF)同时处理甲苯、甲醇、丙烯酸乙酯挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)混合废气,考察BTF的长期稳定运行性能及微生物平均代谢活性.结果表明,混合气进口浓度低于910mg/m3时,BTF对VOCs混合废气总去除率可维持在80%以上,BTF可高效同步净化中低浓度VOCs混合废气;当进气负荷>120g/(m3·h)时,去除负荷趋于稳定,为100g/(m3·h)左右;CO2的生成量与混合废气的去除负荷的比值为1.731,表明BTF对此3种混合废气有较高程度的矿化;BTF对甲苯、甲醇、丙烯酸乙酯的降解行为符合Michaelis-Menten动力学模型,单位体积最大降解速率rmax分别是为90.9,50.5,58.5 g/(m3·h).平均吸光度(AWCD)值分析结果表明塔内微生物具有较高的代谢活性.     

不同pH下生物滴滤塔降解甲苯和硫化氢混气的研究

废气生物处理技术作为一项新型的大气污染控制技术得到广泛应用。实验分别在p H为4.5和7.0条件下,利用生物滴滤塔(BTF)对甲苯和硫化氢混气废气进行降解,为混合废气的高效生物净化提供理论指导。该装置在启动阶段,当空床停留时间(EBRT)为30 s,甲苯浓度为400 mg/m3以上时,p H为4.5和7.0的BTF对甲苯的去除率分别为90%和96%。在稳定阶段,通入2 000~15 000 mg/m3的硫化氢(H2S),发现硫化氢对甲苯的降解无影响.随着实验的进行,p H为7.0比4.5的BTF的生物量高,且压降也略高。p H为4.5和7.0的BTF对甲苯和硫化氢的降解过程符合Michaelis-Menten模型,对甲苯降解的相关系数(R2)分别为0.984 2和0.977 8,单位体积的最大降解速率rmax分别为132.46 g/(m3·h)和93.46 g/(m3·h),相对应的气相饱和常数Ks分别为0.25 g/m3和0.075 g/m3;对硫化氢降解的相关系数(R2)分别为0.969 0和0.971 7,rmax分别为60.24 g/(m3·h)和51.55 g/(m3·h),Ks分别为0.06 g/m3和0.13 g/m3。对CO2生成量分析得:p H为4.5和7.0的BTF矿化率分别为70.7%和74.6%。     

化学工业废物处理与综合利用

X780.1200600423生物法净化石化企业污水处理场恶臭废气现场小型试验/郭兵兵(抚顺石油化工研究院)…∥石油炼制与化工/中国石化集团石油化工科学研究院.-2005,36(2).-52～56环图TE-2采用生物法净化石化企业污水处理场曝气池逸散恶臭废气,在处理气流量为0.6～1.8m3/h,空速为40～357h-1,生物填料床层温度为15～40℃,床层pH为4～7,入口废气H2S质量浓度为0～83.9mg/m3,有机硫化物质量浓度为0～38.3mg/m3,苯系物质量浓度为0～285.3mg/m3的条件下,恶臭废气中H2S、有机硫化物、苯系物的去除率大于97.2%,87.2%、93.7%;对H2S、有机硫化物、苯系物…     

生物滴滤床对H_2S废气的去除效率研究

本试验采用生物滴滤床(BTF)工艺净化制药厂污水站H2S废气。装置采用实验室分离纯化的菌种经现场培养扩增后所得的高浓度混合菌菌液,在8d内迅速完成启动;试验过程H2S气量为11.3m3/h,平均浓度为385.6mg/m3,平均空床停留时间(EBRT)为13.5s,H2S的平均去除效率96%,且去除率稳定。随着污染物在BTF内EBRT的减少,去除率逐渐减小;H2S去除负荷极限ECmax为209.6g/(m3.h),且80%的去除负荷由填料床的下层承担;增加液体喷淋量有助于强化处理效果,但液膜厚度对净化效率有着负面影响,循环液中的SO42-累积浓度>28g/L时,去除率低于90%。试验结果表明,BTF系统运行稳定,适应性好,应用于工业废气处理是可行的。     

生物法处理高浓度H2S废气的现场试验

生物法处理废气的现场中试研究可为工业放大装置的设计和运行提供依据.采用规模为18 m³/h的中试装置现场处理某制药厂污水站含H₂S浓度238.2～891.5 mg/m³的废气,研究对比了生物滤床(BF)和生物滴滤床(BTF)2种工艺对废气中H₂S的去除效果和运行情况.试验表明,当气体空床停留时间(EBRT)为28 s时,在上述浓度范围内,BF和BTF均可几乎完全去除废气中的H2S,且运行稳定;BF的去除率随进口浓度的增加而减小,当EBRT为15 s,进口浓度从243.6 mg/m³增加到584.1 mg/m3时,去除率从95.2%下降到86.3%;BTF的去除率受进口浓度变化的影响较小,当EBRT为9 s时,在试验的浓度范围内,去除率达95%以上;BF和BTF的最大去除负荷分别为138 g/(m³.h)和205 g/(m³·h).床内生物膜中的菌落分析表明,BTF和BF填料表面的微生物都以细菌为主,但前者微生物生长密度高于后者.因此,综合考虑去除性能和运行控制等因素,工业放大装置宜采用BTF工艺.     

膜生物反应器处理甲苯性能及机制

采用膜生物反应器处理甲苯有机废气,研究了进气浓度、停留时间、循环液喷淋密度和pH值对甲苯去除率的影响.膜生物反应器能高效净化挥发性有机废气,甲苯去除率可达99%.适宜运行条件为:pH值为7.2、停留时间为6.4 s、循环液喷淋密度为2.5 m3.(m2.h)-1.采用GC-MS分析出口气样,研究结果表明乙醛酸(C2H2O3)和乙烯基甲酸(C3H4O2)为甲苯生物降解的中间产物.膜生物反应器处理甲苯机制为甲苯气体通过中空纤维膜传质到生物膜,被生物降解为乙醛酸和乙烯基甲酸,然后继续好氧降解为最终产物二氧化碳和水.     

生活垃圾堆肥恶臭气体的生物滴滤净化性能研究

城市生活垃圾生物处理过程中会产生并散发大量的恶臭物质. 以纤维表面活性炭(ACOF)生物滴滤器(BTF)为载体,以进气风量及循环液流量为调控参数,对城市生活垃圾生化预处理过程中散发的恶臭气体进行现场试验. 结果表明:高气力负荷时,生物滴滤器对恶臭气体具有较好的净化效果.在空塔气速为1 274 m/h,液气比为1 L/m3左右时,总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)的去除率可保持在70%以上,而臭气浓度的去除率也大于70%,设备压降为2 150 Pa左右,总挥发性有机物(以异丁烯计)的消除能力可达130 g/(m3·h). BTF运行过程中压降保持相对稳定,循环液中ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(NH₃-N)未出现明显的累积现象,说明BTF对于污染物有良好的降解能力.      

生物法净化处理高流量负荷下低浓度甲苯废气初探

对生物膜填料塔净化处理高流量负荷下低浓度甲苯废气的技术进行了初步实验研究探讨 ,结果表明 :当气体流量在 0 .8m3/h、进口浓度为 1 0 5mg/m3、停留时间 1 8.3s时 ,甲苯的去除率可达到 6 1 .90 % ,出口甲苯浓度低于 GB 1 6 2 97- 1 996《大气污染物综合排放标准》(≤ 6 0 mg/m3)。适宜的操作温度应控制在 1 9～ 2 5℃之间 ,氮磷营养添加量的配比应控制为 C∶ N∶P=2 0 0∶ 5∶ 1。结合实验研究 ,对相关的基础理论问题进行了初步探讨     

生物滴滤塔净化多组分废气的研究

通过生物滴滤塔(biotrickling filter,BTF)净化硫化氢(H2S)、四氢呋喃(THF)、二氯甲烷(DCM)混合废气,研究其挂膜启动和稳定运行条件下的降解性能.结果表明,混合废气H2S、THF、DCM浓度分别为200、100和100 mg·m-3,空床停留时间(empty bed retention time,EBRT)50～20 s的条件下,H2S和THF的去除率分别能够维持在99%和60%左右,而DCM的去除率随EBRT的缩短从90%逐渐降低至37%左右.利用Michaelis-Menten动力学模型分析得到,理论降解效果为H2S>THF>DCM.     

生物膜填料塔净化甲醛有机废气实验初探

在综述目前国内外净化甲醛有机废气方法的基础上 ,着重对生物膜填料塔净化甲醛有机废气进行了研究。初步实验研究结果表明 ,在入口气体甲醛浓度为 5～2 5mg/m3、气体流量为 0 .1 0～ 0 .6 0 m3/h、循环液体喷淋量为 1 0～ 4 0 L /h的实验范围内 ,生物膜填料塔对气体中甲醛的净化效率可达到 75%左右。这表明采用国内现有微生物菌种挂膜的生物膜填料塔净化有机废气是可行的。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.