焦化废水处理及回用存在的问题浅析

焦化废水含有大量难降解有机物、高浓度氨氮、挥发酚、氰、SCN-等,是难处理的废水,现有处理工艺均存在不足之处,出水水质难以达到最低标准(NH3-N≤15mg/L,COD≤100mg/L ,GB8978-96),从而给焦化废水回用带来一定的弊端.采用水解酸化-A/O处理工艺、加入生活污水作为共基质及实行不同性质废水产生厂之间相互合作三种方法可以作为焦化废水的处理的尝试途径.     

焦化污水处理回用技术研究

在实验室及生产性试验考察基础上,对某能源公司高浓度焦化污水进行深度处理后排放并回用。处理工程选择气浮-两相厌氧-A/O-混凝砂滤处理工艺,最大限度的去除掉水中高浓度焦油、酚、氰、氨氮、有机物等物质,使出水达到生产回用标准,为焦化废水的治理提供新经验,也为解决水资源供需矛盾探讨一条新的途径。     

鄂尔多斯焦化废水综合治理方案研究

焦化废水属于难治理的废水之一,目前通用的生化法对治理其废水,投资高费用大,但均达不到治理目标.结合循环经济、综合利用的思路,对目前各种处理工艺技术要点分析的基础上,文章提出物化处理焦化废水,处理后综合回用的新思路.     

物化法处理焦化废水及回用新技术

针对焦化废水治理技术的现状和存在问题,提出一种“物化法处理焦化废水及回用”新技术,阐述了其工艺原理和特点;以四川川威集团博威燃化有限公司为例,介绍了一条日处理和回用1200m^3焦化废水的示范工程的实施状况,并对新技术做出了初步的经济分析。采用新技术处理焦化废水并回用,具有很高的可行性,不仅可以实现废水零排放的目标,而且可以降低废水处理和工业用水成本。     

氟化工企业废水处理工程实例

氟化工企业的废水有工业废水和生活污水。其中工业废水中氟化物浓度较高,该废水采用三级化学反应后经过沉淀-过滤深度处理,达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》的一级标准后排放。而生活污水经过预处理-A/O池生化处理-深度处理工艺处理后,部分出水回用用于企业回用,部分出水达标排放。     

焦化废水治理现状分析

通过对焦化企业性质、废水回用用途、废水处理技术、废水治理投资等方面的调研分析,结果表明,在废水资源综合利用方面,联合型的焦化企业跟独立焦化企业相比,优势非常明显;从节约水资源的角度考虑,必须加大废水资源化利用方面的研究力度,提高废水处理水平。     

焦化废水深度处理试验

根据包钢生化二级处理水质及处理水回用要求,选取"Fenton氧化+生物接触法+膜处理"和"臭氧+生物活性炭+膜处理"两套焦化废水深度处理方案进行中试试验,通过试验比较分析了两套方案的技术经济性,得出采用"臭氧氧化+生物活性炭+膜处理"工艺技术可行,并结合实际提出了焦化废水分级处理的出水回用途径.     

粉煤灰深度处理焦化废水中氨氮的研究

利用粉煤灰-石灰体系作吸附剂,对焦化废水中氨氮进行深度处理,考察了pH值、药剂投加量、吸附时间等因素对处理效果的影响,得出最佳处理条件为:废水pH值为5左右时,每100 mL废水中加入粒径为100目以上的粉煤灰15 g,生石灰0.25 g,吸附时间为1h.处理后焦化废水的N H 3-N可达污水综合排放标准(GB8978-96)中二级排放标准.     

炼油厂废水的排放与防治

从炼油厂废水的来源及产生量出发,分析了废水污染物排放的达标性,并提出了防治废水污染的环境保护对策:对排水系统按清污分流、污污分流、分质处理的原则进行划分;对含硫污水进行收集和汽提处理,处理后的净化水进行回用或排至污水处理场合油污水系统处理;电脱盐排水送污水处理场合盐污水系统处理;污水处理系统处理各生产装置正常生产期间和事故情况下所排放的各类生产废水、生活污水,达标后回用或排放;清净下水系统收集除盐水站等排放的生产废水后达标排放;增上外排污水水质自动监测系统.这些措施可为炼油厂生产符合国家环保规范要求提供参考.     

某有色金属企业污水处理厂污水处理工艺

对有色金属冶炼过程中产生的废水按特征因子的不同进行分质处理。其中,高浓度氨氮废水采用三级氨氮吹脱、吸收工艺进行脱氨预处理;含砷酸性废水采用三段中和-铁盐混凝法预处理;经预处理废水混合后,采用石灰法分级沉淀处理废水中重金属离子;然后根据各单位对回用水水质的不同要求,对废水进行深度处理,实现了污水处理后全部回用,污水零排放的目的。并且对污水中的氨、石膏、镍等资源进行回收利用,为企业降低了运行成本,并且防止了二次污染。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.