风向对街道峡谷内污染物扩散的影响

采用Fluent软件,选用RNG k-ε湍流模型,对长高比为5的街道峡谷(简称街谷)在0°～90°风向下流场和污染物浓度场进行了数值模拟. 结果表明: 0°～75°风向时,街谷内流场呈明显的三维特性,90°风向时,流动表现出中长街谷的二维特点;风向对街谷内壁面污染物浓度的分布有显著影响,90°风向下的街谷壁面浓度最大,其次是45°风向,其余风向下的相对较小,污染物浓度的计算值与风洞试验值在趋势上吻合较好;壁面污染物浓度的分布由街谷内长度方向漩涡、来流冲角产生的进口回流及沿长度方向的流动所决定,壁面浓度的分布差异均可从附近的流场获得解释. 街道峡谷内长度方向的漩涡模拟过强会导致地面附近污染物浓度的计算值偏离试验值.      

动态风场及交通流量下街道峡谷内污染物扩散模拟

根据现场实测数据,应用标准k-ε模型研究了动态风场及交通流量下三维街道峡谷内的污染物扩散规律,数值模拟利用CFD软件FLUENT,其中动态风场和车流量变化信息通过用户自定义编程实现.结果发现,动态风场下空气在街道内部不断经历膨胀和压缩的过程,街道峡谷内部流场形态时刻都在变化;当风速由大变小时,空气膨胀出街谷,流型呈近似椭圆形分布;当风速由小变大时,空气压缩在街谷内部,流型呈近似圆形分布.风速的不断变化引起街谷内、外大气的压缩和膨胀过程,这种过程能够改善街谷内污染物的扩散情况.背风面行人高度处,动态来流下的平均污染物浓度要比定常来流下低17.7%;迎风面行人高度处,动态来流下的平均污染物浓度要比定常来流下低27.1%.动态环境下污染物浓度的分布和峰值由风场和车流量变化共同决定.     

道路绿化带对街道峡谷内污染物扩散的影响研究

研究了道路绿化带对街道峡谷内流场与机动车尾气扩散的影响特征.假设绿化带树冠为均匀多孔介质,采用压力损失系数表征树冠对空气流动的阻碍作用,建立可用于数值模拟的绿化带多孔介质物理模型.采用稳态k-ε湍流模型结合组分输运方程模拟道路中央有绿化带街道峡谷内的尾气扩散过程,模拟结果与风洞试验数据对比吻合较好.分析发现,有绿化带街道峡谷内存在一个围绕树冠的顺时针旋涡,旋涡中心略偏向右上方,背风面污染物浓度显著增大,较无绿化带的污染物平均浓度增长46.0%.进一步模拟了不同绿化带树冠高度情况下街道峡谷内流场与浓度场,发现随着树冠位置的上升,峡谷内流场旋涡中心逐步上移且偏向迎风建筑物,峡谷内整体气流速度下降,污染物浓度逐步升高,树冠底部高度为8 m时其污染物浓度可达4 m时的2倍多;尤其是当树冠顶部超过屋顶高度时,峡谷内污染物总体浓度增长迅速.     

屋顶形状对街道峡谷内污染物扩散的影响

采用Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型,通过求解二维连续性方程,Navier-Stokes方程及污染物输运方程,模拟了具有不同屋顶形状的街道峡谷的流场及交通污染物浓度场.计算结果与风洞试验结果总体趋势一致.由于屋顶形状的不同,峡谷内的流场会形成顺时针或逆时针方向的旋涡,从而影响建筑物迎风面与背风面污染物浓度分布.在各种屋顶形状的街道峡谷中,壁面污染物浓度的相对大小与其附近的速度分布有直接关系.通过对街道峡谷建筑屋顶高度处垂直方向污染物通量的计算和比较,说明了不同屋顶形状的街道峡谷平均流扩散和湍流扩散的强弱,污染物湍流扩散通量值有可能为正或为负;同时,峡谷内剩余污染物浓度的大小表明了屋顶形状对污染物扩散出街道峡谷难易的影响.      

非孤立街道峡谷大气流动及污染物扩散特征

实际城市街道皆为非孤立街道,采用数值模拟方法研究了等高与不等高非孤立街道峡谷的大气流动及汽车排放污染物扩散特征.通过与已有的风洞实验结果对比,发现二者较吻合,并且目标街道峡谷上下游建筑物的存在对目标峡谷内部的流场和浓度场有很大的影响.与孤立街道峡谷相比,非孤立街道峡谷中污染物的浓度要远高于孤立街道峡谷中污染物的浓度,而且随着上下游建筑物的增加,使到达目标街道峡谷的风速相对减弱,污染物在峡谷中难以扩散,造成了峡谷内部污染物浓度会随着峡谷数的增加而增大.并且发现不等高峡谷建筑物高度存在一个临界点.      

街道峡谷内不同车道污染物扩散的数值模拟

为掌握不同位置车道污染物的扩散规律,提出降低街道峡谷内居民与行人交通源暴露水平的可能途径,采用二维k-ε两方程模型和组分输运方程对典型结构双车道街谷内的流场与不同车道污染物的扩散进行模拟,模拟结果与风洞试验结果相符合. 研究发现:迎风车道的污染物更易于向街道峡谷外部扩散;不同位置车道的污染物均在背风侧堆积,可使两侧人行道暴露水平相差5倍. 街道峡谷底部污染物分布对车道位置较敏感,车道位置向街道峡谷中部靠拢,将使得背风建筑物底部及人行道的污染物浓度明显降低;迎风侧污染物浓度对车道位置不敏感,但当车道位置处于迎风侧次级旋涡内时,将导致迎风建筑物底部及人行道的污染物浓度近乎成倍增长. 将车道位于街道峡谷中部,优先采用道路两侧绿化,是增加行人舒适度和减少行人交通源暴露水平,并改善大楼低层住宅及底部出入口、临街商铺等人群活动区空气质量的可行途径之一.      

垂直风向下双层高架桥理想街谷内空气环境的数值研究

城市街道中复杂的高架桥结构会影响街谷内污染物的扩散.本文利用CFD软件FLUENT,采用标准k-ε方程和组分输运方程,对含双层高架桥的理想街谷内空气流场和CO浓度场进行了数值模拟.结果表明,高架桥破坏了理想街谷内CO浓度分布的爬墙效应,自地面沿高度方向CO浓度逐渐减小,超过每层高架桥面后激增,而后再次降低.双层高架桥改变了污染面源位置和街谷内流场分布.当双层高架桥都处于街谷内部时,来流风垂直于街谷方向自左向右吹送,街谷内涡旋整体结构保持顺时针方向,高架桥附近出现小涡旋,使得CO在街谷内部循环,引起背风面和街谷内CO平均浓度的升高,高架桥的"盖子效应"显著,与无高架桥街谷相比,CO平均浓度升高39.5%.当双层高架的上层高架与街谷建筑顶部持平,下层高架桥位于街谷中部时,街谷内部产生4个较大涡旋,能够显著地提高街谷内地面和背风面CO扩散速率,高架桥的"盖子效应"被破坏;与无高架桥街谷相比,CO平均浓度仅升高8.7%,与双层高架桥都处于街谷内相比,CO平均浓度降低22.1%,为城市多层高架桥建设提供了参考依据.     

上游建筑对街道峡谷内流场和污染物分布特征的影响

利用数值模拟方法研究了不同的上游阻挡建筑布局下,行列式和错列式街谷内气流速度和污染物浓度场特征.结果指出,阻挡建筑的存在改变了街谷内的二次流,从而对流场和浓度场均有明显影响.在行列式街谷中,无论上游建筑以何种布局存在,都会减小街谷内污染物浓度.若不考虑上游建筑的存在,将会过高估计行列式街谷内污染程度;在错列式街谷中,与街谷建筑并列的上游阻挡建筑会减小街谷内污染物浓度,而与街谷建筑错列布置的阻挡建筑会增大街谷内污染物浓度;数值模拟结果还表明,街谷内污染物的扩散和清除效果受气流速度和涡流特性的共同作用.     

城市街道峡谷内机动车排放污染物的扩散规律

街道峡谷中机动车排放污染物的扩散取决于屋顶风向和风速,并受街道峡谷宽高比、峡谷两侧街区建筑物高度的对称性和高度分布及街区形状等因素的影响.街道峡谷宽高比接近1时,递升型峡谷以及宽阔街道有利于污染物的扩散;可以通过改变街道线源附近街区内建筑物的高度来明显降低污染物浓度.城市建筑规划中若科学考虑上述影响可以减少街道峡谷内污染物的积聚.      

日光照射对街道峡谷污染物扩散影响的研究

为了分析日光照射对城市街道峡谷机动车污染物扩散的影响．对街道峡谷日光照射的物理模型进行了简化．采用数值模拟技术对日光照射下的城市街道峡谷内气体流动和机动车污染物扩散规律进行了研究。结果表明．在一定条件下。日光照射是研究城市街道峡谷内污染物扩散必须考虑的因素。在污染物扩散受日光照射影响较大的街道峡谷内部．当街道地面或迎风面受日光照射时．街道峡谷内部将出现2个方向相反的漩涡，并导致迎风面建筑物一侧的污染物浓度升高．这与不计日光照射的特征有显著的不同。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.