Fe~(2+)/S_2O_8~(2-)氧化法改善污泥脱水性能研究

采用亚铁离子活化过硫酸盐调理污泥,探究其对污泥脱水性能的影响。以CST降低率和污泥沉降比为评价指标,借助响应面法的Box-Behnken试验设计,考察各实验因素对污泥脱水性能的交互影响,确定最优工艺条件,并对脱水机理进行分析。结果表明:Na_2S_2O_8投加量为125.24 mg/g DS,Fe~(2+)投加量为32.86 mg/g DS,pH值为6.8时,CST降低率达到89.35%,污泥脱水性能最好,三因素交互作用明显。对调理前后污泥样品的分析测试结果表明,该过程主要是Fe~(2+)活化激发S_2O_8~(2-)产生强氧化自由基SO_4~-·,将团聚紧密的污泥絮体破解为碎片状,形成孔洞结构,附着在污泥颗粒上的胞外聚合物发生溶解,这些变化有利于结合水的脱除。     

使用无机调理剂改善污泥脱水性能的试验研究

污泥脱水是剩余污泥处理的关键环节。试验对无机调理剂——聚合氯化铝(PAC)和三氯化铁(Fe Cl3)分别进行了单独投加时对污泥脱水性能影响的试验研究。结果显示,当PAC投加量为20mg/g DS,Fe Cl3投加量为50mg/g DS(DS为污泥干固体含量)时,污泥脱水性能改善最明显。从经济成本角度考虑,使用PAC进行污泥调理更为经济合适。     

不同无机盐对市政厌氧污泥脱水性能的影响

为实现市政厌氧污泥高效深度脱水与无害化、资源化利用,本研究选用三种无机盐调理市政厌氧污泥,主要考察其对厌氧污泥脱水性能与胞外聚合物的影响。结果表明:FeCl3和Al Cl3均能显著改善厌氧污泥的脱水性能,当投加量为60mg/g (无机盐与干污泥质量比)时,FeCl3和Al Cl3处理后污泥TTF较初始厌氧污泥分别缩短81. 03%和80. 00%,而PAC改善效果不明显。进一步实验发现,经不同浓度无机盐调理后污泥含水率与污泥比阻均有不同程度下降,其中FeCl3和Al Cl3调理后污泥改善程度最显著,无机盐浓度越高,污泥含水率和污泥比阻越低;经FeCl3和Al Cl3调理后污泥中多糖和蛋白质含量较高,当FeCl3投加量为40mg/g (无机盐与干污泥质量比)时,其多糖和蛋白质含量达到最高;当Al Cl3投加量为20mg/g (无机盐与干污泥质量比)和40mg/g (无机盐与干污泥质量比)时,其多糖和蛋白质含量分别达到最高。     

Fenton预处理强化污泥脱水:胞外聚合物和黏度的特性研究

Fenton试剂具有高效破坏污泥絮体及改善污泥生物可降解性的能力,而被视为强化污泥脱水的有效手段。对Fenton预处理强化污泥脱水过程中污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)和黏度对污泥脱水性能的影响进行了研究,污泥脱水性能采用毛细吸水时间(CST)评价。结果表明:Fenton预处理时,H_2O_2添加量和m(H_2O_2)∶m(Fe~(2+))对污泥的脱水性能有重要影响,优化的污泥脱水条件为m(H_2O_2)∶m(Fe~(2+))=1∶1,H_2O_2添加量200 mg/g(VSS);m(H_2O_2)∶m(Fe~(2+))和H_2O_2添加量对污泥中EPS分布影响显著,EPS分量分布具有明显差异,可能原因为Fenton试剂对污泥絮体结构的破坏程度不同;污泥CST与EPS分量之间基本不符合线性相关,而非线性回归随H_2O_2添加量变化相关性排序为:100>150>200>25(单位为mg/g,以单位质量VSS计);污泥黏度总体上随m(H_2O_2)∶m(Fe~(2+))的增大而增加,而随H_2O_2添加量的增加逐渐下降,污泥CST值与黏度总体上呈显著正相关。     

芬顿反应强化污泥脱水试验及机理研究

胞外聚合物(EPS)是影响剩余污泥脱水性能的关键因素。脱水试验过程中,将芬顿试剂和剩余污泥混合,控制芬顿试剂和稀硫酸的投加量,测定剩余污泥的毛细吸收时间和比阻,总结出芬顿反应对剩余污泥脱水性能的影响规律。试验表明:Fenton反应的最佳条件是pH为3,H_2O_2投加量为12.4g/L,Fe~(2+)投加量为1.5g/L,反应12min后,对应的毛细吸水时间(CST)和污泥比阻(SRF)分别为21s和0.3×1012m/kg。分析表明:Fenton反应能够破坏剩余污泥中EPS的蛋白质和多糖成分,瓦解EPS锁水结构,改善污泥的脱水性能。     

Fenton催化氧化在污泥减量化中的应用研究

为了解决城市污泥难于脱水的问题,本实验采用Fenton和阳离子PAM联用试剂对污水处理厂的浓缩污泥进行脱水性能研究。对分别单独采用Fenton试剂、阳离子PAM以及Fenton和阳离子PAM联用试剂对污泥的脱水性能进行了对比。探讨了污泥最佳脱水效果的工艺条件。实验结果表明:针对广州某污水处理厂的浓缩污泥,单独投加Fenton试剂对污泥的减量化效果在pH=3、反应时间为120min、30%双氧水投加量为4g/kg污泥、Fe~(2+)/H_2O_2=1:10 (摩尔比)的条件下,达到取佳,可减量20.12%;而单独添加阳离子PAM的减量效果为23.64%;Fenton试剂与PAM联用时,在PAM的投加量为30mg/L时,双氧水投量为4g/kg,减量效果将达到29.63%,且经Fenton试剂处理后的污泥脱水时间为仅经PAM试剂处理后脱水时间的四分之一左右,大大提高了污泥在单位时间里的脱水效率。     

典型污泥化学调理脱水实验研究

以印染厂、造纸厂、给水厂、城镇污水厂水处理产生污泥为研究对象,先对典型污泥的性质进行了探究,然后分别投加FeCl3、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)调理剂,经抽滤和压滤实验,综合考察污泥滤饼的含水率、比阻、浊度等指标。结果表明,造纸污泥的比阻(SRF)最高(为3.51×109s2/g),束缚水含量和滤饼含水率最低,分别为13.3 g/g干泥和79.6%,比阻决定了脱水速率,含水率与束缚水含量呈负相关;污水厂污泥、印染污泥、造纸污泥最佳FeCl3投加量分别为10%、9%、8%,压滤后含水率分别为65.4%、60.9%、62.7%。最佳PAM投加量分别为0.2%、0.4%、0.3%,压滤后含水率分别为63.1%、59.6%、62.1%。污水厂污泥含水率最高,说明纯生化污泥一般较难脱水,污水厂污泥经复合调理(PAM、FeCl3投加量降至0.15%、4%),含水率降至60.3%,说明复合调理效果较好,且单一药剂的投加量减小。     

活化过硫酸盐对市政污泥调理效果的影响

常规污泥脱水技术只能将市政污泥含水率降到80%左右,难以满足日益严格的污泥处理处置要求.活化过硫酸盐产生硫酸根自由基SO4·-具有强氧化性,可用于破坏污泥的絮体结构.本研究利用Fe2+活化过硫酸钠(SPS)的方法进行污泥调理,以到达改善污泥的脱水性能的目的.结果表明,当Fe2+与S2O2-8投加量(以绝干污泥计)分别为25.88 mg·g-1、80 mg·g-1(Fe2+与S2O2-8摩尔比为1.1∶1)时,污泥毛细吸水时间CST和污泥比阻SRF降低率最大,滤液中蛋白质和多糖浓度达到最大.进一步的研究表明,污泥Zeta电位值由负向正变化,颗粒比表面积增大,絮体由密集的团状变成结构松散的层状结构,污泥脱水性能提高.     

城市污泥深度脱水调理药剂的筛选与优化研究

以佛山市镇安污水厂污泥为对象,以污泥沉降比、污泥比阻(SRF)、毛细吸水时间(CST)、泥饼含水率和脱水率为指标,研究比较了添加单一絮凝剂、有机-无机复合絮凝剂对污泥脱水性能的影响,探讨了助凝剂对污泥脱水的影响。结果表明:1)单一絮凝剂作污泥调理剂时,以阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)脱水效果最好,其最佳投加量为30~60 mg/L。有机-无机絮凝剂复合作污泥调理剂,比之单一絮凝剂,污泥脱水效果有明显改善。2)添加石灰、粉煤灰等助凝剂,可显著提高污泥脱水效果,并能大幅降低絮凝剂添加量。在实验范围内,阳离子PAM 9 mg/L、粉煤灰30 g/L、生石灰30 g/L为最佳污泥调理药剂组合。     

阳离子聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）改善污泥脱水性能的研究

通过对污泥含水率的测定和滤液蛋白质的测定,考察了阳离子聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）对污泥脱水性能的影响。结果表明,PAM能够改善污泥的脱水性能,最佳的投加量为0.96mg/g,污泥的含水率73.38%。通过激光粒度分析研究PAM对污泥的作用机理,发现投加PAM之后,污泥的絮体变大,占体积分数90%的颗粒粒径大于206.170μm,明显的大于原泥。实验表明,PAM是通过＂架桥吸附＂和＂水化作用＂改善污泥的脱水性能。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.