超声波预处理对污泥干燥特性的影响

城市污泥的高含水率对其处理处置带来了各种不便.超声波由于功率大、穿透能力强、可引起空化作用等特性而在污泥干燥方面具有独特的优势.针对超声波对污泥干燥特性的影响进行实验研究,通过污泥干燥实验研究了超声处理时间、超声波功率、超声水温和干燥温度4种因素对污泥干燥特性的影响.结果表明,超声处理能够加速污泥表面自由水分蒸发和快速结束平稳干燥阶段,有效提高污泥干燥效率;超声处理对污泥干燥特性的改善随超声波功率(100~250 W)、超声水温和干燥温度的升高而更加明显.在低温105℃下干燥时,短时间的超声处理3 min对污泥干燥特性的改善效果最好.超声处理对污泥干燥整体效率的提高使其有望成为污泥低成本干化的有效方法,并为污泥干燥工艺的优化提供参考.     

剩余污泥深度干燥的研究进展

剩余污泥的含水率较高,对污泥进行干燥处理可以极大程度地减少污泥的水分。首先分析了污泥的含水特性和干燥污泥机理,然后分析了主要的污泥干燥方法研究现状,如热风干燥、过热蒸汽干燥、间接干燥、低温热流干燥、热泵干燥、太阳能干燥等。此外,探究了新型的污泥干燥技术及污泥干燥过程中可能产生的污染物,并在此基础上,对污泥干燥技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

冷冻对脱水污泥干燥与燃烧特性的影响

为了研究冷冻对脱水污泥干燥与燃烧特性的影响,考察了不同冷冻温度对污泥干燥效果的影响.利用同步热重分析仪(TG-DTA)研究了不同冷冻温度和升温速率对脱水污泥燃烧特性的影响,并进行了污泥燃烧动力学分析.结果表明:与原泥相比,冷冻将脱水污泥变成了可进行破碎的硬质结构,当温度降到-20℃时,破碎污泥的干燥速率提升了41.46...     

污泥热泵低温干化技术优势与问题探讨

污泥的显著特征是含水率高和黏度大,机械脱水污泥含水率在80%左右。由于其含水率高,体积庞大,为污泥处理处置带来了经济和技术上的困难。降低污泥含水率是无害化、减量化处理的关键和资源化利用的前提。加热干化是污泥深度脱水最有效方法之一,但传统热风对流干燥存在效率低、能耗高及尾气处理难度大等问题。热泵干燥是近年来开发的1种污泥低温干化新技术,具有能耗低、干化过程易于控制及安全性能高的优点。但需考虑进入干燥机的污泥颗粒大小及稳定性,协调污泥颗粒内部与外部传热传质,并处理好干燥过程中的粉尘及腐蚀性气体对热泵换热器的影响。     

城市污泥薄层干燥特性及动力学研究

通过污泥干燥实验,研究了污泥干燥过程中的形貌变化,考察了泥层厚度、温度、风速对污泥干燥特性的影响,并引入薄层干燥模型,采用MATLAB对污泥干燥的动力学过程进行模拟。结果表明:污泥中网络状的絮体结构不利于水分的蒸发;在泥层厚度为0.4 mm,将污泥含水百分比20%作为干燥终点时,干燥过程为恒速干燥,能够有效地降低干燥时间;提高温度和风速,可以提高污泥水分的表面蒸发速率,减少干燥时间;Page模型比其他模型更适合本次污泥干燥分析。应用Fick扩散模型,得到在温度50~70℃、泥层厚度0.4~2.0 mm条件下有效扩散系数的变化范围为1.13×10-9~8.90×10-9m2/s,并得到了有效扩散系数随厚度、温度变化的关系式。     

污泥干燥特性及其模型求解

相同质量污泥(3.0±0.01)g在85¹45℃下进行恒温干燥实验,得到污泥干燥过程中含水率、干燥速率等变化规律,采用多元线性回归对实验数据进行分析,得到污泥干燥动力学模型。结果表明:污泥在干燥过程中经历加速、恒速和降速3个阶段,3个阶段的分界点固定在污泥失重率为10%和65%处而不随干燥温度的变化而变化;在同一干燥温度下,饼状污泥的干燥速率大于球状污泥;Logarithmic干燥模型MR=a·exp(-kt)+b在各干燥温度下均最适宜表述污泥干燥过程,其参数a、b与干燥温度T呈二次多项式关系,参数k与干燥温度T呈一次线性关系;饼状污泥的有效扩散系数D eff在9.21×10-6145℃下进行恒温干燥实验,得到污泥干燥过程中含水率、干燥速率等变化规律,采用多元线性回归对实验数据进行分析,得到污泥干燥动力学模型。结果表明:污泥在干燥过程中经历加速、恒速和降速3个阶段,3个阶段的分界点固定在污泥失重率为10%和65%处而不随干燥温度的变化而变化;在同一干燥温度下,饼状污泥的干燥速率大于球状污泥;Logarithmic干燥模型MR=a·exp(-kt)+b在各干燥温度下均最适宜表述污泥干燥过程,其参数a、b与干燥温度T呈二次多项式关系,参数k与干燥温度T呈一次线性关系;饼状污泥的有效扩散系数D eff在9.21×10-6².22×10-5m2/min,球状污泥的有效扩散系数D eff在6.55×10-62.22×10-5m2/min,球状污泥的有效扩散系数D eff在6.55×10-6¹.37×10-5m2/min。且随着干燥温度的上升,有效扩散系数D eff呈上升趋势。在相同干燥温度下,饼状污泥的有效扩散系数大于球状污泥。     

基于骨架构建的污泥脱水/固化研究进展

从现阶段污泥处理与处置存在的问题出发,通过介绍目前污泥可脱水性的研究现状,阐述了基于骨架构建体的污泥脱水及污泥固化技术在污泥处置方面应用的研究现状,提出了污泥调理脱水与固化处置一体化技术在污泥处理与处置方面的应用前景.     

污泥过热蒸汽搅拌干燥装置设计及试验

为了实现城市污泥高效、安全、节能的干燥处理,选用过热蒸汽作为干燥介质,辅助以机械搅拌,设计了1种污泥过热蒸汽搅拌干燥试验装置,并对污泥搅拌干燥装置的主要组件以及工作原理进行了介绍。利用该装置进行了主轴转速对污泥干燥效果影响的初步试验。试验结果表明:主轴转速越高,出料污泥的含水率越高。在200℃的过热蒸汽和10 kg/h的加料速度下,主轴转速为300,450 r/min时,含水率分别降低至29.91%和37.45%,已达到较好的干燥效果。从污泥表观形态可以看出:主轴转速越高,污泥颗粒越小,有利于成型,但在高转速时污泥破碎不充分,综合考虑主轴转速适宜取450 r/min。     

锅炉废气流化床污泥干化塔的热力计算与分析

利用锅炉尾部废烟气(120～190℃)干化市政污泥,降低污泥含水率可达到后继合理利用。从三方面对污泥干化进行了分析:1)干燥后污泥含水率与污泥处理量关系;2)入口烟温、流量与污泥处理量关系;3)干燥后烟气相对湿度影响因素分析。结果表明:提高入口烟温、流量,污泥出口含水率都可以提高污泥处理量,高入口烟温、流量下,污泥处理量受含水率的影响更大;污泥出口含水率高时,入口烟温提高使污泥处理量提高增大显著;入口烟气流量愈高,入口烟温提高对污泥处理量的增加愈大。干燥后烟气相对湿度与入口烟温有关,干燥之后的烟气的相对湿度离饱和状态较远,此温度范围内的出口烟气湿度还有较大的余量。     

印染污泥干燥过程中挥发分冷凝液的研究

对某印染废水处理厂的污泥进行模拟干燥处理,以产生的挥发分冷凝液为研究对象来考察干燥温度和干燥程度对印染污泥干燥过程中污染物产生的影响。随着干燥温度的升高,挥发分冷凝液COD、NH3-N含量均升高,且在140℃至160℃时升高较快,分别为177～262 mg/L,100～130 mg/L,而pH较稳定。污泥含水率从65%干燥至5%时,挥发分冷凝液的COD、NH3-N含量升高不明显,分别为176～190 mg/L、85～105 mg/L。干燥温度比干燥程度更能影响印染污泥干燥过程中污染物的产生。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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