感潮河段污水处理厂尾水对受纳水体的水质影响研究

感潮河段污水处理厂尾水排放对受纳水体产生一定影响,利用二维水动力水质耦合模型,以COD、NH3-N、TP为污染因子,分别以正常排放和事故排放两种条件,模拟江苏南部某污水处理厂尾水排放,分析江段大小潮时污染物浓度增量情况。实验结果表明:正常排放,尾水对排放口附近江段保护区水质影响小;事故排放,尾水对保护区水质无影响,但长江水体影响范围增大,沿岸污染物浓度增高,且小潮周期影响作用强于大潮周期,污水处理厂应加强管理,尤其在小潮时应避免污水事故排放。     

城市污水处理厂尾水排放对水环境质量影响定量评估

定量评估污水处理厂尾水排放对水环境的影响是科学规划污水处理厂入河排污口的基础和前提。采用环境流体动力学模型EFDC对宣城市某污水处理厂排污口进行模拟预测。结果表明:在达标排放时,排污口不会对下游取水口水质产生影响。在事故排放时,90%保证率最枯月流量时污染团到达和离开下游水厂取水口的时间分别为1.7 d和3.1 d,取水口附近COD最大浓度超Ⅲ类水标准1.96倍,对下游水厂的正常运行造成严重威胁。因此排污口的设计应考虑事故排放时对下游取水口的影响。     

城镇污水处理厂尾水对受纳水体影响的研究进展

城镇污水处理厂尾水作为城市受纳水体的潜在污染源,对城市水环境的影响不容忽视。在当前面临水环境治理挑战的前提下,对污水处理厂尾水排入城市水体后造成的影响进行系统性研究,对改善尾水排放对受纳水体的作用具有重要意义。文章介绍了我国污水处理厂尾水和城市水环境的现状,综述了国内外污水处理厂尾水排放对城市水环境影响的研究,主要介绍了尾水排放对下游水体营养盐负荷和底栖微生物群落及功能菌的影响,以及水质水动力模型在该研究方向的应用,并根据国内外该领域的研究现状提出了后续需要进行深入研究的方向。     

沿江污水处理厂环境影响评价案例分析

对于地处长江边的污水处理厂而言,其建设与运行将直接影响排污口所在江段取水口的水环境安全。结合具体案例(上海通用汽车武汉项目配套基础设施金口污水处理厂的环境影响评价)的分析,认为以长江为尾水排放通道的污水处理厂,其环境影响评价应重点关注厂址选择、尾水排放、污水处理方案优化、风险评价、恶臭评价及污泥的处置等问题,并提出相应的措施和建议,最大程度减少污水处理厂的环境负面影响。     

污水处理厂尾水中不同形态氮、磷在景观河道和入湖口的衰减特征

水源补给不足是高原富营养化湖泊治理的难点,污水处理厂尾水补给可有效增加入湖水量。基于氮、磷形态的变化分析,对污水处理厂尾水进入景观河道和入湖口汇水区的变化特征开展实验。结果发现:污水处理厂尾水中氮、磷含量可达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准,NO_3~--N含量占比超过93%。河道中氮、磷含量随河道延伸有波动但总体呈下降趋势。在汇水区,草海水倒灌对河道水体中的氮、磷起到稀释作用,ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)分别达到5. 74,0. 258 mg/L。河道中底泥的氮、磷含量均高于水体中的,说明经过长期累积底泥已吸附了大量的N、P,但汇水区因受到草海水体中悬浮颗粒物沉降的影响,底泥中的氮含量低于水体中。因此,建议在利用尾水补给草海水源时,应在河道中栽种一些沉水植物来吸收NO_3~--N。     

污水处理厂尾水排放对受纳水体影响研究

随着城镇污水处理厂建设规模的不断扩大,尾水排放对周边受纳水体的影响问题不容忽视。本文以某拟建污水处理厂为例,探讨了污水处理厂尾水排放对受纳水域环境影响评价分析,并提出污水防治对策,最大限度地降低项目对水环境的影响,发挥项目的经济、社会和环境效益。     

城镇污水处理厂尾水排放水环境影响及对策

城镇污水处理厂虽将污水处理实现达标排放,但进入其他水体后,出水中残留的氮、磷对地表水来说依然浓度较高,影响水体自净能力。本文以某污水处理厂为例,通过地表水监测,分析城镇污水处理厂尾水排放对水环境影响及对策,对水环境保护具有积极的现实意义。     

污水处理厂尾水排放对受纳河流细菌和真菌微生物群落的影响

污水处理厂尾水的持续排放会重塑受纳河流的理化和生物条件,对河流水质和水生态产生潜在影响.选取惠州市东江沿线2座污水处理厂的受纳河流进行水样采集及分析,利用高通量测序进行样品DNA分析,系统研究细菌和真菌群落的组成结构及其分布,结合水体的理化指标更全面地反映尾水排放对受纳河流的影响.结果表明,污水处理厂尾水排放口处TP和NH₄⁺-N等营养盐指标均高于受纳河流上游,尾水排放对受纳河流微生物的影响显著,细菌群落的丰富度明显降低.对受纳河流微生物群落组成和水体理化指标进行统计分析,发现DOM、TP和NH₄⁺-N的变化对浮游微生物群落结构可能起关键作用.通过对浮游细菌和真菌群落结构及水体的理化性质综合分析研究,能够更加全面地揭示污水处理厂尾水排放对受纳河流引起的复合生态效应,对污水处理厂提标改造和城市河流的保护具有重大意义.     

生化生态组合人工湿地系统对城镇污水处理厂尾水的净化效果研究

以江阴市新桥镇人工湿地系统为研究对象,采用生态生化组合湿地工艺处理污水处理厂尾水,研究生物-生态组合湿地的运行状况和小城镇污水处理厂尾水的进一步净化效果。研究结果表明:生物生态组合人工湿地系统对尾水中污染物具有较好的去除效果,对COD、氨氮、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为29%、31%、18%和8%,平均出水浓度分别为35.54,0.97,10.77,0.11 mg/L,完全符合GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准。研究结果能够为城镇污水处理厂尾水生态处理技术和管理的改进提供数据支撑和理论基础,为以后湿地生态系统的推广和示范研究提供直接的理论依据和实践经验。     

河源城南污水处理厂尾水深度处理效果的研究

河源市城南污水处理厂利用垂直流人工湿地对该厂A2-O工艺处理的尾水进行深度处理,研究了人工湿地对尾水中TN、NH4+-N、TP、COD、BOD5的去除效果。结果表明:人工湿地对污水处理厂尾水具有较好的深度处理效果,垂直流人工湿地处理系统对尾水中TN、NH4+-N、TP、COD和BOD5平均去除率分别达到97.4%、97.8%、95.06%、91.87%和95.87%以上,其出水水质基本达GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准,地表水Ⅲ类标准。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.