模拟烟气中NO、NO_x的微生物净化效率强化研究

NO的脱除效率已成为微生物净化燃煤烟气NOx双塔流程的瓶颈。为了提高微生物净化烟气中NO、NOx的效率,分别研究了脱硫塔添加Fe SO4·7H2O、脱氮塔添加Na NO2对微生物净化模拟烟气中NO、NOx效率的影响作用。结果表明:脱硫塔添加0.23 g/L Fe SO4·7H2O,其NO平均脱除率为61.04%,比空白试验的35.31%提高明显;脱硫塔NOx平均脱除率为62.16%,比空白试验的31.10%提高约1倍;双塔NOx平均总脱除率从空白试验的61.8%增至86.9%。浓度梯度试验结果表明:0.23 g/L Fe SO4·7H2O是脱硫塔内较为合适的添加浓度。脱氮塔添加0.50 g/L Na NO2后,脱氮塔NO平均脱除率从空白试验的39.92%提高到52.11%;脱氮塔NOx平均脱除率从空白试验的47.67%增至58.90%;双塔NOx平均总脱除率从空白试验的70.75%增至79.32%。反复多次验证试验均证明:Fe SO4·7H2O和Na NO2的分别添加的确大幅度地强化了烟气中NO、NOx的微生物净化效率。     

络合-氧化-还原耦合方法脱除烟气中NOx的研究

NO与Fe2+反应生成络合物[Fe(NO)]2+易被O2氧化解络形成NO2-和NO3-离子,进而被尿素溶液还原生成N2.基于上述反应原理,本文提出脱除烟气中NOx的新方法,即以FeSO4为吸收液、O2为氧化剂、尿素为还原剂的络合-氧化-还原耦合法.考察了尿素初始浓度、吸收液pH值、NOx初始浓度、烟气流量等因素对NOx脱除率的影响.结果表明,尿素初始浓度越高、吸收液pH值越低、NOx初始浓度越大、烟气流量越小时,NOx脱除率越高;当尿素初始浓度为1.19mol/L,吸收液pH值为3.2,NOx初始浓度为1493mg/m3以及烟气流量为800mL/min时,反应初期(0~6min)NOx脱除率可达92%以上,且反应1h后脱除率仍可保持在69%左右.     

臭氧液相氧化同时脱硫脱硝实验研究

在自制的鼓泡反应器上对臭氧(O_3)液相氧化分别脱硫脱硝技术进行了实验研究.结果表明,液相中O_3对NO能够有效氧化,SO_2的存在对NO的脱除具有一定的负面影响,而pH值对NO的脱除率影响较小.[O_3]/[NO]=1.1时,NO脱除率可达到89.6%.pH在3～11范围内,NO脱除率达80%以上.温度在20～65℃范围内,NO脱除率不发生明显变化.结合尾部洗涤装置后,可有效脱除SO_2和NOx,脱硫效率几乎达到100%,在[O_3]/[NO]=1.1时,可获得84.2%的脱硝效率.     

中小型燃煤烟气脱硫脱硝实验研究

介绍了选用熟石灰Ca(OH)2作脱硫剂的半干法烟气脱硫工艺来脱除SO2;选用NH3作还原剂,活性炭作催化剂,在低温(＜200℃)和氧气存在的条件下选择性催化还原(SCR法,属干法)NOx的技术来脱除NOx.实验表明:脱硫率＞92.5%,脱硝率＞74.6%,半干法烟气脱硫工艺和干法(SCR法)烟气脱硝技术适宜于中小型燃煤烟气的脱硫脱硝.     

气相组分对氨吸收同步脱除模拟烟气SO2 和NOx 的影响

在pH值5.9～6.1,吸收液浓度≥1 mol·L-1的条件下,分析了模拟烟气的NOx氧化度、O2和SO2浓度,以及添加液相S(Ⅳ)氧化抑制剂Na2S2O3对SO2、NOx吸收脱除效率的影响.结果表明,氨可高效吸收脱除SO2和NO2,但对NO的吸收脱除效率几乎为0,因此,NO氧化是其吸收脱除NOx的前提.吸收液S(Ⅳ)浓度是影响NO2脱除效率的关键因素,气相O2浓度越高或SO2浓度越低,吸收液S(Ⅳ)浓度降低越快,继而使NO2吸收脱除效率降低越快.通过添加S(Ⅳ)氧化抑制剂S2O23-到吸收液,可在一定程度上抑制其氧化,从而延缓NO2吸收脱除效率的降低.     

液相氧化-吸收脱除模拟烟气中NOx的研究

分别采用Na Cl O2和Na2SO3溶液作为氧化液和吸收液,在自行设计的鼓泡塔反应系统进行了液相氧化-吸收脱除模拟烟气NOx的研究,考察了气相SO2浓度、Na Cl O2和Na2SO3投加量以及p H值等因素对NO氧化和NOx脱除的影响.结果表明,SO2会优先于NO与氧化剂反应,从而增大氧化剂消耗量.偏酸性条件有利于NO氧化,但酸性太强会导致Na Cl O2分解为Cl O2逸出.碱性吸收液对NO几乎不具吸收脱除效果,但共存NO2能促进NO的吸收脱除.SO2对NO2吸收脱除具有促进作用.     

氨法脱硫联合脱硝工艺研究

研究了一种氨基湿法脱硫联合脱硝工艺。考察了pH、SO2-3浓度、O含量、SO2浓度、催化剂对氨基湿法脱硫浆液脱除NOx的效率影响。研究表明:NO2的脱除率随着pH值的升高而升高,NO的脱除率随着pH的升高先升高后降低;O2和SO2的同时存在会促进NOx的脱除效率;当CoSO4的浓度超过0.05 mmol/L时,对NOx的脱除效率具有较好的促进作用。     

H2O2对循环半干法烟气脱硫效率的影响分析

通过循环半干法烟气脱硫技术在某热电厂130t／h机组上的应用,分析了H2O2对循环半干法烟气脱硫效率的影响。结果表明：对于循环半干法烟气脱硫,在脱硫剂中添加少量的氧化性物质H2O2,控制H2O2水溶液浓度为1％左右增湿脱硫剂,在合适的运行条件下．当Ca／S（mol／m01）=1．1左右时,可以达到90％以上的脱硫效率。     

无机添加剂改性对赤泥脱硫的影响

近年来国家对相关行业SO_2排放政策、标准日趋严格,要求污染物超低排放。碱性固废赤泥脱除烟气中的SO_2是以废治废、经济可行的方法,同时,加入添加剂可以提高烟气脱硫的效果,降低烟气脱硫成本。该研究以赤泥浆液为吸收剂脱除石油焦煅烧烟气中的SO_2,添加无机添加剂改性赤泥浆液,提高脱硫效果。结果表明:赤泥浆液添加二氧化锰改性后脱硫效果最好,碘化钾次之,硫酸镁和硝酸铁脱硫效果较差。二氧化锰改性赤泥浆液脱硫的优化反应条件为:二氧化锰添加量为15 mmol/L,反应温度为60℃,烟气SO_2浓度为1 000 mg/m~3,烟气氧含量为20%。二氧化锰改性赤泥浆液提高脱硫效率机理为:二氧化锰可与SO_2直接发生氧化还原反应,溶出的锰离子对SO_2具有催化氧化作用,并且赤泥溶出的铁离子和锰离子具有协同催化氧化作用,从而提高赤泥浆液的脱硫效率。因此,二氧化锰改性赤泥脱硫是切实有效的方法,可为改性赤泥脱硫的推广应用提供参考。     

软锰矿浆烟气同步脱硫脱硝资源化利用新工艺

燃煤烟气中的SO2和NOx是大气中重要的污染物,开发高效、经济的同步脱硫脱硝技术是环保领域的研究热点。针对现有同步脱硫脱硝技术存在的氧化剂成本较高和产物不能资源化利用等突出问题,提出了软锰矿浆烟气同步脱硫脱硝,并副产硫酸锰和硝酸锰的资源化新工艺。研究结果表明:软锰矿浆可以有效的脱除烟气中的SO2和NOx,反应产物分别为硫酸锰和硝酸锰。在烟道中注入臭氧,将难溶于水的NO快速氧化为NO2,可大大提高脱硝效率,在O3/NO=1.2的条件下可以达到72%的脱硝率、90%的脱硫率和85%的锰浸出率;吸收液经过空气氧化除铁和加入铜试剂除重金属后,结晶分离溶液得到的硫酸锰和硝酸锰可分别达到HG/T 2962—1999标准的硫酸锰产品和HG/T 3817—2006标准的工业硝酸锰产品要求。该工艺实现了SO2和NOx污染治理与低品位软锰矿资源化利用的双重目的,为SO2和NOx的资源化污染治理技术的开发和应用提供了新的思路。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.