基于博弈论视角的美国页岩气开发环境政策分析及启示研究

受水平井技术及水力压裂技术的推动,美国实现了页岩气的规模开发和能源独立.而环境监管漏洞却成为制约美国页岩气产业发展的主要障碍.在此背景下,运用博弈论原理,构建了政府、页岩气开发商、居民三方博弈模型,给出了该模型均衡条件下的解,讨论了影响三方主体决策的主要因素.基于美国的经验,结合中国页岩气开发的实际,提出谨慎推进页岩气开发、注重页岩开发的环境评估、鼓励页岩气开发技术的创新、加强环境监管等建议.     

“责任共担”下企业环境社会责任实施机制构建

企业环境社会责任是企业社会责任的核心,与社会可持续发展紧密相关,"十二五"时期,应进一步推动企业履行环境社会责任。基于企业"理性经济人"的本性,针对企业对其利益相关者带来的负外部性,从长远来看,外部利益相关者共同治理即由企业、政府、社会共同参与的治理模式,是企业履行环境社会责任的实施机制。国外一些企业在承担环境保护等强制性标准要求的同时,逐步开始自愿、先行、零星地践行企业社会责任,以树立企业形象、缓解企业和社会之间的矛盾。随着社会责任运动浪潮在国际社会中不断高涨以及经济全     

基于三方博弈视角的建筑安全培训参与主体的行为与策略分析

基于演化博弈理论建立了政府监管部门、施工单位和建筑工人三方主体的建筑安全培训演化博弈模型。通过分析三方主体之间的利益关联和相互影响关系,结合建筑安全培训实际情况确定三方的收益矩阵,进而分析三方决策的动态演化过程,并运用Matlab进行演化博弈数值模拟。结果表明:可从改变建筑施工单位收益结构、矫正建筑工人对于建筑安全培训的心理认知偏差、变革传统建筑安全培训模式等方面加强和完善建筑安全培训体系。     

企业环境等级评价制度中的多方博弈辨析

企业环境等级评价制度将公众第三方引入环境管理体系,着重分析三方在管理中的各自作用,以及如何实现利益的最大化。公众的参与是核心,政府引导是保证企业环境等级评价制度顺利和健康实施的基础,而企业可以通过环境等级评价提高企业环境信息的透明度,并进一步利用市场增大企业的利益。     

政府监管下产学研协同创新主体价值观整合——基于动态演化博弈的分析

基于有限理性和不完全信息假设,构建产方、学研方和第三方政府价值观整合的三方动态演化博弈模型,研究产学研协同创新系统中价值观整合的内在决策机理。研究发现,无论是在严格还是宽松的政府监管环境下,各主体的价值观整合概率受政府的奖惩力度、整合收益以及整合成本等因素的影响,并且在不同的条件下,三方演化稳定行为策略也不尽相同。最后,在此基础上提出了各主体价值观整合的策略。     

利益相关方与上市公司环境信息公开

<正>环境责任是负责的上市公司应履行的重要责任,环境因素也影响着企业与利益相关方的关系。上市公司环境信息披露涉及的利益相关方包括政府和监管部门、投资者、信息数据服务商和民间组织,以及企业自身。不同利益相关方对环境信息的需求有所不同。但上市公司目前对环境信息的披露情况不佳,并不能满足其他利益相关方对环境信息的需求。利益相关方的环境信息需求◆政府和监管部门政府和监管部门对企业环境信息的需     

企业环境等级评价：突破二元管理困局

企业环境等级评价制度将公众第三方引入环境管理体系,公众的参与是核心,政府的引导是基础,而企业则可以通过环境等级评价提高其环境信息的透明度,影响消费者的产品选择倾向,并进一步通过市场增加经济利益。     

上市公司环境信息公开的双重监管

上市公司是一种特殊的企业形式,法律要求其在设立和生产经营过程中进行信息披露,来保护利益相关者的权益。涉及到环境信息的披露,上市公司受到环境法和证券法的双重监管,由于监管的理念和宗旨存在差异,导致监管的主体、内容和方式也存在着很大的不同。     

中国环境监管模式的反思与重构

本文根据环境监管主体的不同,将其划分为两种类型,即政府环境监管模式和非政府环境监管模式;其次,通过对政府环境监管模式的相关考察,并从政府主导、监督机制以及监管手段方面进行了深刻的反思;最后指出第三方环境监管模式和自我监管模式的引入是对中国环境监管模式重构之必然选择.     

企业社会责任:拯救环境还是拯救商业?

保罗霍肯在《商业生态学》中提出的观点“拯救环境就是拯救商业本身”与企业社会责任一脉相承，即主张企业运营应符合伦理道德、尊重劳工社群和保护自然环境，从而既能为股东也能为全社会持续创造价值。股东与利益相关者的博弈是对企业社会责任的一种理论解释。该理论认为，只有在股东和利益相关者的利益达到共赢的情况下，企业股东的利益才可能实现最大化。此外的一些理论观点还包括三元投资策略、自然资本理论和竞争力理论。从哲学渊源上看，企业社会责任是一种非常原始朴素的价值观，是现代经济和管理理论对这些价值观的全新演绎。过去数十年间，众多国际机构、国家政府、知名企业和民间团体纷纷加入到企业社会责任的实践中来。在中国，企业社会责任还处于初级发展阶段，有待进一步发展。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.