核-壳结构的Fe-FeOxH2x-3催化UV/H2O2降解腐殖酸

采用硼氢化钠还原法制备了核-壳结构的Fe-FeOxH2x-3纳米复合材料,在近紫外光和H2O2催化条件下,对饮用水消毒副产物前驱体腐殖酸的去除比纳米零价铁的去除高.说明零价铁表面铁氧化物能加速界面电子转移,提高反应效率.探讨了H2O2浓度、腐殖酸初始浓度和起始溶液pH对反应速率的影响.研究结果表明,H2O2最佳投加量为5 mmol·L-1,在pH为5～9时,催化剂都显示了较高的活性;腐殖酸不但被脱色降解,而且TOC去除率达到60%,并且生成的中间产物降低了三氯甲烷的生成趋势.     

纳米零价铁降解水中四氯化碳的试验研究

以四氯化碳为目标污染物,研究了不同因素对自制纳米零价铁降解水中四氯化碳的影响,并对反应产物及可能的反应路径进行了探讨.结果表明,自制纳米零价铁对四氯化碳有很好的降解效果.在pH=3和30℃的条件下,当初始四氯化碳浓度为2.0 mg·L~(-1),纳米零价铁浓度为1.0 g·L~(-1)时,去除率高达96.7%.纳米零价铁降解四氯化碳的酸碱适应范围较大(pH值3~9).随着温度升高和纳米零价铁投加量的增大,四氯化碳降解率显著提高.该反应符合一级动力学,且反应活化能较低,反应易于进行.     

不同粒径零价铁活化过硫酸钠氧化降解酸性橙7的影响及动力学研究

以偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7)为目标污染物,研究了不同粒径零价铁(包括1 mm-ZVI、150μm-ZVI、50 nm-ZVI)对活化过硫酸钠(PS)氧化降解AO7的影响,并探讨了这3种不同粒径的零价铁活化体系中AO7的降解动力学及中间产物.结果表明,3种粒径零价铁均可以高效活化PS氧化降解AO7,反应90 min后,1 mm-ZVI、150μm-ZVI和50 nm-ZVI活化体系对AO7的去除率分别为43%、97%和100%.AO7动力学方程拟合结果表明,1 mm-ZVI和150μm-ZVI活化PS降解AO7是一级反应,50 nm-ZVI活化体系中AO7的降解是二级反应,这3种粒径零价铁活化PS降解AO7的速率常数大小顺序为50 nm-ZVI>150μm-ZVI>1 mm-ZVI.反应过程中1 mm-ZVI反应后主要生成α-Fe2O3和少量Fe3O4,150μm-ZVI表面的腐蚀产物主要是Fe3O4,而50 nm-ZVI的主要氧化物为α-Fe2O3和α-FeOOH.GC/MS检测出AO7降解中间产物有2-萘酚、邻甲酚、3-甲基-4-乙基苯酚、邻苯二甲酰亚胺、邻苯二甲酸等,AO7溶液吸收光谱的变化特征及GC/MS检测结果表明3种粒径零价铁活化PS氧化降解AO7的途径可能存在差异.     

ZVI/EDDS/Air体系降解水中2,4-二氯酚的研究

建立零价铁(ZVI)、乙二胺二琥珀酸(EDDS)和曝气三者组成的类Fenton(ZVI/EDDS/Air)处理体系,考察了初始EDDS浓度、铁粉投加量、曝气速率、2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)浓度、初始pH以及反应温度等对水溶液中2,4-DCP降解的影响.结果表明,该体系能有效降解2,4-DCP,并且其降解规律符合准一级动力学方程.在2,4-DCP质量浓度100 mg·L-1、EDDS浓度0.80 mmol.L-1、铁粉投加量20 g·L-1、曝气速率为2 L.(min.L)-1的最佳实验条件下室温反应1 h,2,4-DCP的降解率达到99%.ZVI/EDDS/Air体系对氯酚的降解较ZVI/EDTA/Air体系具有环境友好、反应条件温和,而且对2,4-DCP的降解效果好等优点.     

零价铁与过硫酸盐异相芬顿降解活性艳橙X-GN

采用零价铁(Fe~0)与过硫酸盐构建异相类芬顿体系,由Fe0腐蚀释放Fe~(2+)催化S_2 O_8~(2-)产生硫酸根自由基快速降解偶氮染料活性艳橙,考察了初始p H值、Fe~0投加量、过硫酸盐投加量和温度对降解过程的影响。结果表明,当活性艳橙初始浓度为100 mg/L、pH值为7、Fe~0投加量为0.5 g/L、过硫酸盐投加量为1 mmol/L和反应温度为30℃时,反应60 min后活性艳橙降解率达到92.6%。酸性条件和提高反应温度均有利反应的进行,而且活性艳橙的降解率在初始pH值为9时也高于90%。反应过程符合准一级动力学,表观反应速率常数k为0.0513 min~(-1)(30℃)。UV-Vis扫描显示,活性艳橙的发色基团在反应过程中被破坏。由Fe~0与S_2O_8~(2-)构成的异相Fenton体系可作为一种高效手段用于染料废水的处理。     

超声波/零价铁体系降解苯胺废水的影响因素及机理研究

以苯胺为研究对象,通过试验对超声波/零价铁体系降解苯胺的过程与机理进行了研究,分别考察了零价铁投加量、废水初始pH值、废水初始浓度对苯胺污染物降解的影响规律,结果表明:超声波/零价铁体系适宜处理苯胺浓度较低的废水,零价铁的最佳投加量为2.8g/L,废水初始pH值的适宜范围为7～8;超声波/零价铁体系降解苯胺具有协同作用,对苯胺的降解以.OH自由基的氧化作用为主,其降解过程符合一级反应动力学规律;紫外可见光谱显示,苯胺在超声波/零价铁体系中发生了开环反应。     

零价铁和微波预处理组合强化污泥厌氧消化

以中温(100℃)常压的微波预处理结合零价铁投加为对象,考察了低投加量5. 19～41. 51 g·kg~(-1)(以TS计)、高投加量83. 35～853. 46 g·kg~(-1)(以TS计)下的零价铁对微波预处理污泥厌氧消化的进一步强化作用.结果表明,微波预处理与零价铁组合可使污泥厌氧消化产甲烷潜势提升17%～23%.零价铁对微波预处理后污泥厌氧消化具有一定的促进作用,且提升了厌氧消化初期(1～4 d)产甲烷速率,零价铁投加量为31. 13 g·kg~(-1)(以TS计)时,产甲烷潜势提升了7. 42%,反应第2 d的产甲烷速率提高了11. 02%.高投加量的零价铁并未表现出更好的强化效果.零价铁促进了厌氧消化初期溶解性有机物的释放,投加量为31. 13 g·kg~(-1)(以TS计)时,溶解性蛋白质较单独预处理组提高21. 16%,并且零价铁投加加快了乙酸、异丁酸、异戊酸的消耗.零价铁的投加,导致上清液中的磷酸根和硫酸根浓度降低,相应地,上清液中铁元素的浓度反而下降,说明零价铁的形态转化后,易与磷酸盐、硫反应形成沉淀,这可能是铁投加作用效果不明显的重要原因.     

纳米零价铁基生物炭活化过硫酸盐降解土霉素

采用纳米零价铁基生物炭(nZVI-BC)耦合过二硫酸钠(PDS)或过硫酸氢钾(PMS)构建吸附-高级氧化复合体系开展水中土霉素(OTC)的高效降解。考察了在不同PDS/PMS浓度、nZVI-BC投量、OTC浓度及初始pH条件下OTC的去除规律,并对体系中活性物种进行探究。结果表明:在0.20 mmol/L PDS/PMS,0.01 g nZVI-BC,50 mg/L OTC,原始pH为5.0±0.1条件下,OTC去除率可达到80%以上;SO₄-·在nZVI-BC/PDS体系中对OTC降解占有绝对主导地位(贡献度为57.00%),nZVI-BC/PMS体系则主要依靠SO₄-·、O₂-·和1O₂。     

过一硫酸盐降解毒死蜱

本研究采用过一硫酸盐降解有机磷农药毒死蜱,系统地考察了降解过程的动力学、降解产物、降解机制及其生态毒性风险.结果表明,过一硫酸盐能有效降解水溶液中的毒死蜱.过一硫酸盐降解毒死蜱的体系中起作用的不是SO₄^·-和·OH等活性自由基,而是过一硫酸盐本身.提高过一硫酸盐投加量会促进毒死蜱的降解;碱性条件有利于其去除过程;离子强度的升高会抑制毒死蜱的降解;腐殖酸的存在也会抑制毒死蜱的降解,但其仅在高腐殖酸浓度时呈现明显的抑制作用.产物鉴定表明,过一硫酸盐直接降解毒死蜱主要有去乙基化、PS的氧化和C—O的断裂3条途径.经ECOSAR生态毒性模型预测发现毒死蜱的降解产物对鱼、水蚤和绿藻的生物毒性均低于毒死蜱母体.研究表明,过一硫酸盐可以作为水处理中降解毒死蜱的有效手段,为去除水体中毒死蜱的实际应用提供了可行性依据.     

超声波/零价铁协同降解苯酚的研究

研究了超声波/零价铁协同降解苯酚的过程,并对其降解机理进行了研究,分别考察了零价铁投加量,溶液初始浓度,初始pH值,超声功率等因素对苯酚降解的影响规律。结果表明,超声波/零价铁工艺能有效的降解水中的苯酚,零价铁的最佳投加量为0.8 g/L,苯酚浓度越低处理效果越好,苯酚在酸性条件的降解率高于碱性条件,在0~400 W超声作用下,功率越大,降解率越大;超声波与零价铁粉对苯酚的降解具有协同作用,其降解过程符合一级动力学规律。在体系中加入自由基捕获剂正丁醇抑制了苯酚的降解,说明苯酚的降解过程主要依靠羟基自由基(.OH)的氧化作用。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.