催化臭氧氧化法处理煤化工高盐废水

采用自制催化剂催化臭氧氧化处理煤化工高盐废水,考察了催化剂性能、催化臭氧氧化影响因素,并进行了催化臭氧氧化机理研究。实验结果表明:自制催化剂抗压强度为1 685 N,45 d磨损率为1.67%;在p H=8.1,催化剂投加量为7 g/L,臭氧投加量为13 mg/min的条件下,COD去除率为45%,色度去除率为85%。由傅里叶红外光谱分析可知,催化剂表面存在羟基基团,催化臭氧分解速率比单独臭氧分解速率快,在相同时间内催化剂可促进臭氧分解产生更多·OH,由此表明催化臭氧氧化机理遵循羟基自由基反应机理。     

酸活化赤泥催化臭氧氧化降解水中硝基苯的效能研究

以铝工业废物赤泥为原料,采用酸化的方法活化赤泥,提高其在多相催化臭氧氧化除污染体系中的催化活性,并对其催化臭氧除污染效能及机制进行探讨.研究发现,和赤泥原矿相比,酸化赤泥表现出十分显著的催化能力;酸化赤泥(RM6.0)催化臭氧氧化硝基苯的去除率随臭氧浓度的增加而增加;当臭氧浓度由0.4 mg.L-1增加至1.7 mg.L-1时,硝基苯的去除率由45%提高到92%.溶液pH对RM6.0催化体系利用臭氧能力的影响与其催化臭氧氧化降解NB的影响表现出一致的结果.初始pH变化所带来的RM6.0催化活性的变化,主要是由于体系中氢氧根浓度的变化,导致臭氧分解形成羟基自由基所致;过高pH值导致的羟基自由基的猝灭显促使RM6.0催化臭氧氧化NB活性的降低.通过RM6.0对臭氧的利用能力及羟基自由基抑制实验结果发现,RM6.0催化臭氧降解NB的主要作用机制是催化剂表面吸附臭氧,实现臭氧在催化剂表面的富集,进而实现对NB有机污染物的氧化降解.在这个过程中羟基自由基是存在的,主要是在臭氧与硝基苯在界面氧化过程中分解而成,并进一步氧化NB.     

选择性催化氧化NO的催化剂研究进展

工业生产过程产生的NO对大气环境造成严重污染。选择性催化氧化吸收法（SCO）脱硝是目前较有价值的脱硝技术。选择性催化氧化的关键在于催化剂的选择。目前,用于NO催化氧化的催化剂主要有活性炭类、分子筛类、贵金属类、过渡金属氧化物类催化剂。其中,过渡金属氧化物类催化剂具有良好的催化活性,价格低廉,制作简单等,是目前较有研究前景的催化剂。目前,关于SCO各类催化剂脱硝机理的研究,常温下经济实用且氧化、稳定、抗毒性能优良的催化剂的制备,以及催化氧化工业废气工艺的探索是脱硝催化剂未来的发展方向。     

臭氧催化氧化法处理含酚废水的研究进展

臭氧催化氧化法是结合了臭氧的强氧化性和催化剂特性的一种高级氧化技术,在处理含酚废水方面具有明显的技术优势。系统研究了臭氧催化氧化技术处理含酚废水的国内外研究进展,探讨了不同反应体系的优缺点,并指出改进的建议和发展方向。     

Si-FeOOH催化臭氧氧化降解活性艳红MX-5B的效能研究

通过共沉淀的方法在羟基氧化铁(FeOOH)合成过程中掺入硅(Si)来制备硅羟基氧化铁(Si-FeOOH)催化剂,比较其与FeOOH在物理强度等方面的差异,同时研究Si-FeOOH催化臭氧氧化降解活性艳红的效能、推断反应机理、考察各种因素对脱色率的影响.结果表明:相对于FeOOH,Si-FeOOH的物理强度有所提高,在水溶液中不易破碎;Si-FeOOH催化臭氧氧化降解活性艳红效果显著,比单独臭氧氧化的脱色率有较大提高;催化过程遵循自由基反应机理;脱色率随着臭氧浓度的增加而升高,在应用Si-FeOOH催化臭氧对染料脱色时存在最佳催化剂投量;Si-FeOOH在中性条件下其催化活性显著,催化剂性能稳定,可重复利用.     

羟基氧化铁催化臭氧氧化对滤后水THMs生成势的控制作用

实验比较了滤后水经过单独臭氧氧化和羟基氧化铁催化臭氧氧化后的三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP).考察了不同的溴离子含量、pH值、碱度、O₃/TOC比例、氧化反应时间、催化剂投量时,2种氧化条件下滤后水THMFP的变化规律.发现羟基氧化铁催化氧化后,滤后水的THMFP比单独臭氧氧化后的降低了30.5%.溴离子浓度较高时THMs以溴代产物为主,羟基氧化铁催化氧化后溴代的THMFP是单独臭氧氧化后的45%～65.5%.在滤后水pH值为6.33～9.43、O3/TOC比值为0.65～2.05、氧化时间为2～20min的条件下,羟基氧化铁催化氧化都表现出明显降低THMFP的优势.碱度升高使2种氧化后的THMFP都降低,且使其差值减小.催化剂存在降低THMFP的最佳投量.催化氧化降低滤后水THMFP的原因是比单独臭氧氧化提高了对TOC的去除率,催化产生的羟基自由基进一步氧化降低了水中有机物卤代活性位的数量.     

γ-Al2O3催化臭氧氧化水中嗅味物质MIB效能研究

以γ-Al2O3粉末为催化剂,研究了催化臭氧氧化去除水体中典型嗅味物质2-甲基异茨醇(MIB)的效能及相关影响因素.研究表明,γ-Al2O3在蒸馏水和自来水本底中,均表现出显著的催化活性.在蒸馏水本底条件下,催化氧化可提高MIB去除率47个百分点;而在自来水本底条件下,可提高MIB去除率40个百分点以上.臭氧浓度、催化剂投加量和MIB的初始浓度对催化氧化过程具有明显的影响作用.水的硬度对γ-Al2O3催化臭氧氧化MIB影响不大,但水中无机阴离子对催化效果影响显著.天然水体中的重碳酸盐/碳酸盐碱度可以抑制催化臭氧氧化过程中产生的羟基自由基,对γ-Al2O3催化臭氧氧化MIB起到了抑制作用.低浓度的腐殖酸能够促进催化氧化过程,而高浓度时则有抑制作用.通过pH值对催化氧化MIB的影响和叔丁醇对催化氧化的抑制作用,间接地证明γ-Al2O3催化氧化MIB的作用机理是以羟基自由基为主的间接氧化过程.     

臭氧催化氧化控制溴酸盐生成效能与机理

比较了单独臭氧氧化和金属氧化物存在下臭氧催化氧化过程中溴酸盐的生成规律,探讨了催化剂投量、溴离子浓度、水的pH值、反应温度等对臭氧催化氧化控制溴酸盐生成的影响规律及在催化剂存在下控制溴酸盐生成的机理.结果表明,催化剂投量从0 mg/L增加到250 mg/L,能减少溴酸盐生成量85.1%;当溴离子浓度为0.5、1.0、2.0 mg/L时,臭氧催化氧化分别能减少溴酸盐生成量69.2%、83.5%和15.2%,溴离子浓度变化对催化作用的影响无明显规律;pH值升高会降低催化作用的效果;反应温度在5～25℃之间时,臭氧催化氧化能降低43%～59%的溴酸根生成量(溴离子浓度1.5 mg/L),反应温度变化不影响催化效果.催化剂通过抑制臭氧对次溴酸的氧化减少了溴酸根的生成量.催化剂表面的某些基团与硫酸根络合会削弱臭氧催化氧化控制溴酸根生成的能力,因此,利用催化剂控制溴酸盐的机理与催化剂表面性质密切相关.     

有机酸在金属氧化物上的吸附对催化臭氧氧化的影响

以苯甲酸(BA)、邻苯二甲酸(PA)、商品腐殖酸(CHA)和反渗透法提取的松花江水腐殖酸(SHA)为目标物,研究了臭氧氧化及羟基氧化铁(FeOOH)和二氧化铈(CeO₂)为催化剂时的吸附与催化臭氧氧化去除这些有机物的效果.结果表明,BA在FeOOH表面没有吸附,FeOOH对BA催化氧化的去除率比臭氧单独氧化高45%;PA在FeOOH上的吸附使其溶液中的浓度减少了5%,此时FeOOH对PA的氧化没有催化作用.CeO₂有助于催化臭氧氧化在其表面吸附较强的PA,且对氧化产生的草酸根有催化去除作用,但对不吸附在其表面的BA没有催化臭氧氧化作用.CeO₂对腐殖酸的吸附比FeOOH强,其催化臭氧氧化去除腐殖酸的作用比FeOOH更显著;当无机阴离子和腐殖酸竞争金属氧化物表面的吸附位时,催化作用受到抑制.     

粒径与前驱体对活性炭催化臭氧氧化的影响

利用煤质、木质、椰壳3种前驱体活性炭制得6种粒级共18种活性炭样品,作为催化剂进行催化臭氧降解草酸的效果研究.结果表明,减小活性炭粒径对催化臭氧氧化效率提升效果显著,160~300目活性炭催化臭氧氧化降解草酸速率常数是10~20目颗粒活性炭的9.2~19.0倍.煤质160~300目活性炭催化臭氧氧化降解效果最佳.活性炭粒径的倒数与催化臭氧氧化伪一级动力学速率常数呈线性关系.对官能团的滴定表明,活性炭表面的羟基数量与催化臭氧氧化一级动力学速率常数存在较为明显的指数关系.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.