快速城市化地区典型村镇水资源承载力及影响因素研究

随着乡村振兴战略深入推进,村镇建设正处于社会经济高质量发展转型时期。为研究村镇在快速城市化进程中经济社会发展与水资源承载力之间的关系,以南京市江宁街道为研究区,采用组合赋权法识别村镇水资源承载力关键影响因素,从空间管控、水资源利用、生态环境治理、生活宜居和经济发展5个层面构建评价指标体系,并采用主成分分析法开展水资源承载力评价研究。结果表明,2013—2018年研究区村镇水资源承载力水平存在波动,但整体呈现上升趋势,生态环境治理水平、空间管控和经济社会发展为研究区村镇水资源承载力主要影响因素,水资源利用水平是保障村镇水资源承载力的重要方面。该研究成果可为同类村镇在城市化进程中实现经济社会与水资源协调发展提供参考。     

福州山区乡村聚落空间格局及其与水土资源的耦合态势

分析山区乡村聚落与水土资源的耦合态势有助于辨析山区乡村的优势与特色,促进区域乡村振兴。以福州山区为例,综合运用GIS手段及空间耦合关联模型分析山区乡村聚落的空间分布特征及其与水土资源的耦合态势。结果表明,2015年福州山区共有乡村聚落斑块5 232个,数量多、规模小,主要分布在海拔650 m以下区域;乡村聚落整体呈现中心聚集、南北扩散的空间格局特征,在各镇域内均为集聚分布类型,具有明显的分异特点;聚落整体与耕地的耦合态势较好,与水系耦合态势一般,空间分布呈现明显的"耕地指向性"和小范围的"水系指向性",与道路无明显相关性;耕地和水系资源对乡村聚落的影响作用呈现较强的空间异质性,是制约福州山区乡村聚落发展转型的重要因素,自然、经济与社会因素对乡村聚落与水土资源的耦合态势亦产生重要影响。     

Temporal and spatial patterns and driving factors of cultivated land change in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau北大核心CSCD

随着经济快速发展、城镇化进程加快以及人口基数不断增加,在城市用地不断向外扩张以及生态退耕措施的影响下,耕地面积呈逐年减小的趋势.这一现象加剧了农业发展与其他要素间的矛盾,对区域粮食安全也产生重要影响,因此,探讨耕地面积时空变化及其驱动机制对保障区域粮食安全具有现实意义.分析青藏高原地区1980年、1990年、2000年、2010年、2018年的耕地面积数据,结合户籍人口、地区生产总值(GDP)、粮食单产等统计年鉴资料解析影响其变化的主要驱动因子.结果表明:(1)青藏高原近40年耕地面积变化总体经历缓慢增加、显著增加和缓慢递减3个阶段,整个变化过程中耕地主要流失方向为林地和草地,分别占总流失面积的50.99%和32.02%,主要原因为退耕还林还草等政策的实施,其次为建设用地和水域增加.(2)耕地转为非耕地的地区主要集中在四川西部、云南西北部、青海东部,而耕地转入地区主要集中在青藏高原中部.以地市州来看,拉萨、海东、海西、阿坝、林芝等地区耕地面积变化特征以缓慢递增为主;西宁、黄南、甘孜、甘南等地区的耕地面积则呈缓慢递减的变化趋势.(3)主成分分析和结构方程模型结果显示影响耕地面积减少的主要驱动因素包括经济社会发展和粮食生产.其中经济和社会因素对耕地面积变化产生的影响为负值,社会因素产生的负影响最大,为-0.224,人口基数增长、建设用地扩张、土地利用转型要求以及二、三产业红利的吸引都会导致耕地面积减小.本研究揭示了青藏高原地区近40年耕地变化情况及流失方向,耕地面积波动主要受到经济社会因素以及政策因素的影响;上述结果可为今后国家粮食安全及当地生态环境可持续发展提供理论参考.(图7表8参45)     

淮北市经济与生态环境的动态协调发展研究

一个城市的经济发展与生态环境是相互影响相互制约的,经济和生态环境的协调性影响城市的整体发展。本研究鉴于淮北市资源型城市的特殊地位,用1998—2007年的数据对淮北市的经济和生态环境状况进行了研究,并采用协调度模型分析历年淮北市经济和生态环境之间的协调发展状况。研究结果表明,1998至2007年淮北市的总体发展形势是经济水平逐渐提高,生态环境状况逐渐改善,经济和生态环境的发展逐渐走向协调,其中2003年到2004年是淮北市总体发展的转折点,经济发展和生态环境状况之间由基本不协调转向基本协调。最后提出在淮北市临近资源枯竭的关键时期应加强生态建设,加大产业转型力度。     

北京城市空间扩展的生态环境响应及驱动力

城市土地利用变化及其生态环境响应是全球环境变化研究的重要组成部分,是可持续发展研究的核心问题。大都市作为人口和产业密集地区,城市土地利用变化剧烈,由此带来的生态环境问题更为显著。在新型城镇化建设背景下,研究大都市城市空间扩展及其生态环境响应,对提高大都市土地利用效能,转变经济增长方式和实现可持续发展具有重要指导意义。文章基于北京市遥感影像数据及相关社会经济数据,构建北京市空间扩展的生态环境响应评价指标体系和模型,对1995─2010年北京市空间扩展的生态环境响应进行了综合评价并分析其驱动力。研究认为:1995─2010年北京市各区县空间扩展的社会经济压力指数不断增大,首都功能核心区和城市功能拓展区各区县社会经济压力指数上升幅度最大,城市发展新区和生态涵养发展区各区县上升趋势较为平缓;除东城区和西城区外,各区县土地利用状态指数有所下降,降低幅度较大的区县有通州、顺义、大兴、平谷和昌平,较小的区县有朝阳、海淀、丰台、石景山和密云;除通州和大兴外,各区县空间扩展的生态环境响应指数均呈上升趋势,净变化量较大的区县主要位于首都功能核心区,生态涵养区和城市发展新区各区县净变化量较小;除通州、顺义、延庆和昌平外,各区县城市空间扩展的生态环境响应综合指数均有所提高,其中东城、西城、海淀和朝阳净变化量较大,顺义、平谷和怀柔净变化量较小,空间格局表现出"中心低、外围高、东南低、西北高"的特征;人口增长、城市化、经济发展、建设用地高速扩展、生态用地减少等对北京城市空间扩展的生态环境响应具有重要影响。     

水体面积与微气候变化关系特征研究现状及进展

微气候是区别于大气候的小范围微型气候,能够对人类的生活、生产以及生态环境等带来重大影响,研究地表水体面积变化特征及其与气象因子变化特征的响应关系不仅能够掌握区域气候变化特征,对实现水资源的合理开发、灾害监测与评估等具有十分重要的作用,而且对于保障不同尺度经济社会和生态环境的可持续发展具有重要的指导意义.通过系统归纳典型...     

土地整理与生态环境建设关系初探

生态环境是影响人类生存与发展的自然资源与环境状况的总称,具有重要的作用。然而,生态环境自净能力或容量是有限的,当过度消耗自然资源或环境容量时,生态环境就会恶化,将严重影响我国生态环境安全和经济社会的可持续发展。因此,进行生态环境建设是保证可持续发展的首要任务。生态环境建设是一切旨在恢复和改善生态环境的行动的总称,我国现阶段开展的土地整理是实施生态环境建设的一种重要方式。文章主要根据压力-状态-影响-响应(PSIR)的分析框架,运用综合分析法,探讨土地整理对生态环境的影响,揭示了不同的土地整理模式对生态环境的积极影响和消极影响,为在保护和改善生态环境的前提下进行土地整理提供基本分析框架。文章提出我国基于生态环境建设的土地整理战略措施,建议要积极采取建立健全综合决策机制、建立土地整理规划的生态环境影响评价体系等措施,发挥和完善土地整理的生态环境建设功能。     

关于在亚欧会议框架下建立“亚欧水资源研究和利用中心”的倡议

<正>一、背景(Background)水不仅是基础性的自然资源和战略性的经济资源、也是生态环境的控制因素之一,是人类生存和经济社会可持续发展的重要保障。水资源的可持续利用和综合管理还在应对气候变化的行动中扮演了关键的角色。     

鄱阳湖生态经济区土地利用转型热点区域识别及其动力机制研究

识别土地利用转型的热点区域并探究其动力机制可为保护土地生态环境安全提供科技支撑,促进区域经济社会的可持续发展。利用空间热点分析模型探测鄱阳湖生态经济区2000—2014年期间土地利用转型的热点区域,通过典型相关分析定量识别土地利用转型的主导驱动因子,并从供给与需求的经济学视角阐释了土地利用转型的驱动机制。研究表明,(1)滨湖地区2000—2014年发生了剧烈的土地利用转型,耕地、林地、草地、滩地大量向城乡建设用地转化,土地生态面临严重威胁。在距鄱阳湖水面10 km之内,耕地、林地和草地面积分别减少15 740、15 152 hm~2,建设用地面积增加了47 138 hm~2。(2)城市建成区周围及主要道路对土地利用转型具有显著的辐射作用,区内土地利用变化高频区呈现"井"字形空间格局。在距离道路10 km之内,2000—2014年期间土地利用综合动态度由2.765‰衰减至1.059‰。(3)土地利用转型的热点区域数量呈增加趋势,并具有明显的轮换与跃迁特征,基本形成以南昌、九江、景德镇、鹰潭为中心的4个快速转型区。(4)经济、社会发展导致的土地供需矛盾是引发土地利用形态变化的主要动因。亟待建立滨湖生态环境缓冲区,严格控制滨湖地区的土地资源开发利用活动;对土地利用转型的热点区域进行科学规划,通过土地供需调控促进土地资源的集约、高效利用,增加土地经济供给。     

区域资源环境与社会经济系统的非连续运动分析——以吉林省为例

针对区域资源环境与社会经济系统的非连续运动特征,基于尖点突变理论构建数学模型对区域资源环境与社会经济系统的突变过程及其响应机制进行定量描述与分析。吉林省社会经济进入快速发展时期,以吉林省作为研究区域进行实例分析,能够为区域社会经济与资源环境协调发展战略的制定与筛选提供技术手段和决策依据。研究结果表明,吉林省经济进入快速增长阶段;矿业的衰退将成为影响吉林省经济持续稳定发展的重要因素;吉林省资源消耗总量与万元产值消耗量的突变,标志着吉林省对钢铁和水泥等大宗固体矿产的消费进入快速增长阶段;受生态省建设战略影响,固体废物、SO2、粉尘的排放总量与万元产值SO2及固体废弃物排放量发生根本性转变,吉林省生态环境进入新的发展时期。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.