2,5-二甲基呋喃-空气燃烧过程研究

利用球形发展火焰研究了常温常压下不同当量比,不同相态时2,5-二甲基呋喃-空气的层流燃烧速度和马克斯坦长度,分析了火焰拉伸对火焰传播速度的影响。研究结果表明:随着当量比的增加,2,5-二甲基呋喃-空气混合气的马克斯坦长度减少,火焰的稳定性减弱。并且分别计算出当量比为1.25和1.5的层流燃烧速度,分别为:1.189m/s,1.135m/s.。对于同一当量比1.5的情况下,不同相态的2,5-二甲基呋喃-空气混合物,在相同时刻的气液两相混合物的火焰半径已经拉伸火焰传播速度远远大于纯气相的混合物。     

甲烷-空气预混气体燃烧特性研究

采用纹影系统、压力传感器和高速相机对甲烷-空气预混气体在定容燃烧弹中的燃烧特性进行研究,分析了当量比对拉伸火焰传播速度、未拉伸火焰传播速度和层流燃烧速度的影响及定容弹中压力的变化规律。结果表明,当量比对预混气体燃烧过程有重要影响,且存在临界当量比1.1,在临界当量比下预混气体燃烧最剧烈,层流燃烧速度达到最大值(0.368 m/s),燃烧压力也达到峰值(0.703 MPa)。当预混气体当量比小于临界值时,拉伸火焰传播速度、未拉伸火焰传播速度、层流燃烧速度和燃烧压力随当量比增加而增加;而当预混气体当量比大于临界值时,速度和压力随当量比增加而减小。     

掺氢天然气层流火焰传播速度试验研究

为准确测量掺氢天然气层流预混火焰传播速度,并研究掺氢比对掺氢天然气层流预混火焰传播特性的影响,通过本生灯法对比试验研究自然光及纹影拍摄条件下掺氢天然气层流预混火焰的传播速度,根据化学动力学机制模拟计算并讨论不同掺氢比条件下的预混燃料层流火焰传播特性。研究表明:利用纹影系统拍摄获得的火焰传播速度更接近燃烧学定义的层流预混火焰传播速度;随着掺氢比的增加,掺氢天然气层流预混火焰传播速度及绝热火焰温度均不断增加,且层流预混火焰传播速度峰值所对应的当量比显著向富燃料侧移动;燃料中氢气组分的不断增加使得H自由基的摩尔分数以及OH自由基的生成速率均显著增加。     

添加H2对生物质气层流燃烧特性的影响

为研究H₂对生物质气层流燃烧特性的影响，在内径和长度均为200 mm,点火位置为正中央的圆柱形定容燃烧弹内进行当量比为0.6～1.4、H₂体积分数为7.15%～33.15%的掺氢生物质气/空气燃烧试验。利用高速摄像仪采集火焰传播图片，并通过计算分析软件Chemkin-Pro进行化学反应路径分析。研究结果表明：添加H₂对生物质气/空气的层流燃烧速度起促进作用，在贫燃侧增长效应平稳而在富燃侧增长效应显著，使火焰的不稳定性增强；火焰结构中主要自由基浓度的增大是引起层流燃烧速度增大的主要化学动力学原因；H₂主要通过参与HCO基团氧化加快反应速率，富燃侧层流燃烧速度显著增大的原因是H₂作用的路径多为有O₂参与的反应。     

近墙乙醇池火热反馈对燃烧速率的影响

为了定量评估近墙乙醇池火燃烧的危险性,根据乙醇池火燃烧辐射热平衡方程,建立了简化的墙体点源辐射计算模型,与火焰高度、近墙距离等参数相关联,进而得到近墙乙醇池火墙壁热反馈下燃烧速率的理论增量,并考虑到火焰辐射的增量对燃烧速率的影响,计算得到火焰对燃烧速率的理论增量。同时,在标准燃烧室进行了5种尺寸、不同近墙距离的方形乙醇池火的验证试验。结果表明,近墙乙醇池火的平均火焰高度和燃烧速率随油盘直径增大而增大,随距墙边距离减小而增大。与距墙边30 cm的墙边火平均火焰高度相比,紧贴墙壁的平均火焰高度上升16%~20%;与距墙边30 cm的墙边火燃烧速率相比,紧贴墙壁的燃烧速率上升12%~16%。乙醇墙边池火的燃烧速率理论增量与实际测量值的偏差在5%~34%,二者具有较好的一致性,充分说明近墙乙醇池火燃烧速率的增量主要是墙壁的热反馈和火焰的热反馈共同作用的结果。     

基于Matlab图像处理的瓦斯爆炸火焰传播速度研究

基于自制小尺寸试验平台进行不同体积分数瓦斯爆炸试验,运用高速摄像机拍摄爆炸图像,直观分析火焰传播过程。利用Matlab软件对拍摄图像进行数字化处理,求得不同瓦斯体积分数下的爆炸火焰传播速度。结果表明:基于图像处理的方法能够简单准确地计算火焰传播速度,火焰亮度阈值的取值对火焰传播速度计算结果有重要影响;火焰传播速度随时间逐渐增大,当出现"郁金香"火焰后略有降低,随后继续增大;瓦斯体积分数对平均火焰传播速度有较大影响,混合当量比为1时火焰传播速度最大,在混合当量比小于1时,火焰传播速度受混合当量比影响较大,而当混合当量比大于1时,火焰传播速度受混合当量比影响较小。     

基于MATLAB图像处理的层流火焰传播速度研究

为了减小传统本生灯火焰法测定层流预混火焰传播速度的误差,基于MATLAB图像处理技术提出了一种改进火焰图像处理及提取火焰边界线数据的方法。该方法对图像进行优化处理后运用LOG算子检测边缘信息,并为其添加平滑曲线;然后将散点拟合为函数表达式,选用Polynomial逼近方式修正拟合曲线误差;换算为实际坐标后对拟合函数进行面积积分计算,即得更接近真实的火焰外表面积。利用该方法对不同当量比下甲烷燃烧的本生灯火焰图像进行处理,求取其层流火焰传播速度,并与前人结果进行对比。结果表明,传统全面积法所得结果普遍偏高;相比于Vagelopulous利用平面火焰法所得结果,该方法获取的层流火焰传播速度在贫燃侧与之相近,在富燃侧则较之略低。     

甲烷射流扩散火焰结构试验研究

利用不同口径、不同流量的甲烷射流扩散火试验研究了射流扩散火焰结构特征,得到了射流火从层流燃烧到湍流燃烧再到吹熄的一般规律.结果表明,不同口径射流火在层流扩散燃烧与湍流扩散燃烧时火焰高度的变化各有不同.火焰最大高度出现在湍流扩散燃烧阶段.某些工况下燃烧出现脉动火焰现象,此时的火焰高度较小.     

甲烷对合成气层流预混火焰传播特性的影响

为研究甲烷对合成气层流预混火焰化学动力学特征及合成气层流预混火焰传播特性的影响,选用GRI3.0-机理,模拟研究300 K条件下含0～70%甲烷的合成气层流预混火焰传播速度、火焰温度、反应敏感性及重要自由基浓度等。结果表明:合成气层流预混火焰传播速度、绝热火焰温度随甲烷比例的增加非线性下降,火焰传播速度峰值对应的当量比随甲烷增加显著向贫燃侧发展;富燃条件下,随着甲烷少量加入(≤30%),火焰中自由基H浓度显著下降,火焰传播速度受抑制作用显著;随着甲烷的继续增加,不足的自由基OH抑制自由基CH_3的生成,影响自由基H的消耗,削弱CH_4对层流预混火焰传播速度的抑制作用。     

氢气添加对乙醇/空气预混火焰燃烧特性影响的数值模拟研究

通过对不同混合比率的乙醇/氢气/空气燃烧特性进行数值模拟,研究氢气添加量对点火延迟时间、层流燃烧速度、火焰厚度、化学反应滞留时间及组分分布情况的影响。研究发现一定程度上氢气添加量的增加能够缩短混合气体的点火延迟时间,并且氢气对点火延迟时间的影响随着温度的升高而逐渐减小。随着混合比率的增大,层流燃烧速度增大,并且在混合比率大于0.4时显著增大。火焰厚度及化学反应滞留时间随氢气增加而逐渐减小。此外,进一步分析组分分布情况得知氢气添加使火焰中H*、O*、OH*自由基摩尔分数峰值增大,并且H+O+OH摩尔分数峰值与层流燃烧速度存在线性关系。     

Experimental study of the effect of nitrogen addition on gas explosion

Flame propagation and combustion characteristics of methane/air mixed gas in gas explosion were studied in a constant volume combustion bomb. Stretched flame propagation velocity, unstretched laminar flame propagation velocity, unstretched laminar combustion velocity and Markstein length were obtained at various ratios of nitrogen to gas mixture. Combustion stability at various ratios of nitrogen to gas mixture was analyzed by analyzing the pictures of flame propagation. Furthermore, the effect of initial pressure on the flame propagation and combustion characteristics of methane/air mixed gas in gas explosion was analyzed. The results show that the unstretched laminar flame propagation velocity, the unstretched laminar combustion velocity, Markstein length, flame stability, and the maximum combustion pressure decrease distinctly with the increase of nitrogen fraction in the gas mixture. At the same ratios of nitrogen to gas mixture, Markstein length, unstretched laminar flame propagation velocity and unstretched laminar combustion velocity decrease and the maximum combustion pressure increase with the increase of initial pressure of the gas mixture. When nitrogen fraction in the gas mixture is over 20%, the flame will be unstable and is easy to exterminate.     

On the determination of the laminar burning velocity from closed vessel gas explosions

A methodology to determine the laminar burning velocity from closed vessel gas explosions is explored. Unlike other methods which have been used to measure burning velocities from closed vessel explosions, this approach belongs to the category which does not involve observation of a rapidly moving flame front. Only the pressure–time curve is required as experimental input. To verify the methodology, initially quiescent methane–air mixtures were ignited in a 20-l explosion sphere and the equivalence ratio was varied from 0.67 to 1.36. The behavior of the pressure in the vessel was measured as a function of time and two integral balance models, namely, the thin-flame and the three-zone model, were fitted to determine the laminar burning velocity. Data on the laminar burning velocity as a function of equivalence ratio, pressure and temperature, measured by a variety of other methods have been collected from the literature to enable a comparison. Empirical correlations for the effect of pressure and temperature on the laminar burning velocity have been reviewed and two were selected to be used in conjunction with the thin-flame model. For the three-zone model, a set of coupled correlations has been derived to describe the effect of pressure and temperature on the laminar burning velocity and the laminar flame thickness. Our laminar burning velocities are seen to fall within the band of data from the period 1953–2003. A comparison with recent data from the period 1994–2003 shows that our results are 5–10% higher than the laminar burning velocities which are currently believed to be the correct ones for methane–air mixtures. Based on this observation it is concluded that the methodology described in this work should only be used under circumstances where more accurate methods can not be applied.     

Laminar burning velocities of hydrogen–air mixtures from closed vessel gas explosions

The laminar burning velocity of hydrogen–air mixtures was determined from pressure variations in a windowless explosion vessel. Initially, quiescent hydrogen–air mixtures of an equivalence ratio of 0.5–3.0 were ignited to deflagration in a 169 ml cylindrical vessel at initial conditions of 1 bar and 293 K. The behavior of the pressure was measured as a function of time and this information was subsequently exploited by fitting an integral balance model to it. The resulting laminar burning velocities are seen to fall within the band of experimental data reported by previous researchers and to be close to values computed with a detailed kinetics model. With mixtures of an equivalence ratio larger than 0.75, it was observed that more advanced methods that take flame stretch effects into account have no significant advantage over the methodology followed in the present work. At an equivalence ratio of less than 0.75, the laminar burning velocity obtained by the latter was found to be higher than that produced by the former, but at the same time close enough to the unstretched laminar burning velocity to be considered as an acceptable conservative estimate for purposes related to fire and explosion safety. It was furthermore observed that the experimental pressure–time curves of deflagrating hydrogen–air mixtures contained pressure oscillations of a magnitude in the order of 0.25 bar. This phenomenon is explained by considering the velocity of the burnt mixture induced by the expansion of combusting fluid layers adjacent to the wall.     

A numerical modelling of an influence of CH4, N2, CO2 and steam on a laminar burning velocity of hydrogen in air

The influence of additives of various chemical natures (CH₄, N₂, CO₂, and steam) at a laminar burning velocity S_u of hydrogen in air has been studied by numerical modelling of a flat flame propagation in a gaseous mixture. It was found that the additives of methane to hydrogen–air mixtures cause as a rule monotonic reduction in the S_u value with the exception of very lean mixtures (fuel equivalence ratio ? = 0.4), for which a dependence of the laminar burning velocity on the additive's concentration has a maximum. In the case of the chemically inert additives (N₂, CO₂, H₂O) the laminar burning velocity of rich near-limit hydrogen–air flames drops monotonically with an increase in the additive's content, but no more than 1.5 times, and the adiabatic flame temperature changes slowly in this case. In the case of methane as the additive, the laminar burning velocity is diminished approximately 5 times with an increase in the adiabatic flame temperature from 1200 to 2100 K. Deviations from the known empirical rule of the approximate constancy of the laminar burning velocity for near-limit flames are shown.     

Safety parameters for oxygen-enriched flames

The utilization of low-quality gaseous fuel from biomass gasification and the abundance of oxygen-rich streams obtained as a by-product of nitrogen-air separation by membrane technology has incentivized the development of sustainable oxygen-enriched combustion technologies in the last decades. However, a dearth of experimental and numerical analysis addressing the reactivity and safety aspects of these mixtures at initial low temperatures can be observed in the current literature.In this work, the heat flux burner was adopted for the measurement of the laminar burning velocity of methane in oxygen enriched air at different equivalence ratios. Results were compared with numerical data obtained by means of detailed kinetic mechanisms developed at the University of Bologna and the Gas Research Institute (GriMech3.0). Simplified correlations for the estimation of the laminar burning velocity with respect to the oxygen content at any equivalence ratio were developed, tested and evaluated.An elemental reaction-based function was found appropriate for the estimation of the overall reactivity of the investigated mixtures. Besides, numerical analyses were performed to characterize the flame structures in terms of temperature and product distribution under several initial conditions. These results gave further insights into the reaction mechanisms of gaseous fuels in the case of oxygen-enriched air, highlighting potential bottlenecks for kinetic model refinements. Eventually, relevant safety parameters were estimated, in particular the flammability range of the fuel/oxidant mixture, in terms of lower and upper flammability limits.     

Combustion hazard of mixing ammonia with nitric oxide

Premixed ammonia/nitric oxide flame was simulated using the Lindstedt 1994 and Miller–Bowman 1989 reaction mechanisms in CHEMKIN. The predicted laminar burning velocities compared well with limited measured values in the literature. The effects of unburnt mixture temperature and pressure on laminar burning velocity, flammability limits, adiabatic flame temperature and species profiles were studied. The unburnt mixture temperature had a positive impact on both the laminar burning velocity and the adiabatic flame temperature, and it extended the ammonia-rich flammability limit. The pressure had a marginally negative influence on the laminar burning velocity, while it had a slightly positive effect on the adiabatic flame temperature.     

Flame propagation and combustion in some dust-air mixtures

Some results of measurements of laminar burning velocities and of maximum flame temperatures for combustible dust-air mixtures (starch dust-air mixtures, lycopodium-air mixtures and sulphur flour-air mixtures) are presented.Thin (25 and 50 μm) thermocouples have been used to measure maximum flame temperatures. The results are compared with those obtained with other devices such as resistors, pyrometers and are compared to the theoretical values. It appears that the observed discrepancies seem principally to come from the relatively poor efficiency of the burning processes inside the flame front than to heat losses by radiation as suggested before.Two methods for determining laminar burning velocities have been used: the classical ‘tube method’ and a ‘direct method’ based on the simultaneous determination of the flame speed and of the mixture velocity ahead of the flame front using a tomographic technique. Two different tube diameters are considered as well as additional results obtained with a small burner. The validity of these techniques is firstly assessed by comparing the results obtained with CH4-air mixtures and secondly by considering their relevancy for combustible dust-air mixtures (influence of the size of the apparatus). In particular, the influences of heat flame by radiation and of flame stretching are considered.     

Effects of nitrogen and carbon dioxide on hydrogen explosion behaviors near suppression limit

By varying inert gas content, equivalence ratio and initial pressure, this study is aimed at investigating flame propagation behaviors and explosion pressure characteristics near suppression limit. For carbon dioxide, the weakest flame floating phenomenon is observed at Φ = 1.5 and the buoyant instability is enhanced when the equivalent ratio deviates to the rich and lean sides. For nitrogen, the buoyant instability decreases with increasing equivalent ratio. Both maximum explosion pressure and maximum pressure rise rate increase firstly and then decrease with the increase of equivalence ratio, and they decrease significantly with increasing content of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. For carbon dioxide, the critical suppression ratio of Φ = 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 is 7.50, 7.18, 5.74, 3.83, and 2.87. For nitrogen, the critical suppression ratio of Φ = 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 is 15.83, 11.87, 9.50, 6.33 and 4.75. Compared to nitrogen, the carbon dioxide is more effective on suppressing hydrogen explosion pressure. The adiabatic flame temperature, thermal diffusivity and mole fraction of active radicals continue to decrease with increasing content of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, which contributes to the decrease of laminar burning velocity.     

Suppression of premixed flames with inert particles

Dispersal of inert particles on a flame front is one of the techniques employed to suppress explosions. The current study investigates the influence of micron-sized (75–90 μm) inert (sand) particles on the laminar burning velocity of methane-air premixtures of different equivalence ratios (0.9–1.2) and reactant temperatures (297, 350, 400 K) using a Bunsen-burner type experimental apparatus. When an inert particle interacts with the flame zone, it extracts energy from the flame, thereby acting like a heat sink and hence reducing the flame temperature. Results show that for sand particle size in the range of 75–90 μm, a concentration of 380–520 g/m³ is necessary for extinction of a methane-air flame at ambient temperature. An increase in reactant temperature reduces the heat-sink effect necessitating a higher concentration of sand to extinguish the flame. A mathematical model is developed to generalize the results and make them applicable to a wide range of parameters.