酸雨pH预测的偏最小二乘回归模型

酸雨pH值受酸性离子[SO4^2-]、[NO3^-]和碱性离子[Ca^2 ]、[NH4^ ]等的影响。这些影响因素之间存在多重相关性。用一般最小二乘回归法建模预测pH值，估计参数存在着很大的误差且物理意义明显不足。应用偏最小二乘回归技术建立pH值预测模型，克服了自变量之间的多重相关性的问题，因而更具有先进性，计算结果更为可靠。以我国17个城市pH值预测为例，探讨偏最小二乘法的优势，并与最小二乘回归法进行了比较。     

上海市建设用地时空演变的驱动力研究

分析上海建设用地摊大饼式扩张的直接驱动因素,探讨其演变规律,使用多元回归、路径分析模型和偏最小二乘回归模型。研究表明,上海外来人口增加过快导致建设用地急剧扩张,社会房屋建设占用了许多非建设用地,基础设施投资快速增加导致大量农村土地转变作用,城市绿地扩张导致其他非建设用地急剧减少。研究结论表明,合理规划就业人群的居住区域,调整郊区的发展策略,发展基础设施建设的规模效应,改变城市绿地的无序分布。     

偏线性最小二乘法预测SBR工艺出水浓度的方法研究

SBR工艺出水浓度受进水浓度（COD、NH3-N）及曝气时间等因素的影响，这些影响之间存在着一定的多层相关性。尝试从统计学角度用偏线性最小二乘法对SBR系统进行描述性分析，建立数学模型，对SBR系统进行解释性描述。在对SBR工艺工况进行充分的观察和认识，对其要素内在联系进行辨识和深入分析的基础上，对SBR出水浓度作出预测。     

南充市近十年酸雨变化特征及降水化学组成研究

依据南充市2003~2012年城区降水环境监测统计资料,分析了酸雨变化特征及降水离子化学组成。研究表明:这十年,酸雨频率平均为50.4%,2007年降雨量为最高,呈波动递减趋势变化,降水年平均pH值为4.88,呈现"低—高—低"的变化特征,城区酸雨频率和降水pH值月均值变化呈现高低交替的波动趋势。城区降水中主要阳离子成分是Ca2+,主要阴离子成分是SO2-4和NO-3。(SO2-4/NO-3)比值逐年下降,平均比值为7.82,酸雨污染类型仍以硫酸型为主;降水(NH+4+Ca2+)/(SO2-4+NO-3)和Ca2+/NH+4比值呈波动性变化,2007年分别达到最高值为6.71和50.27,除2010年比值均较低小于1外,近年来均有增加趋势,表明碱性离子缓冲能力增强了,降水酸度降低,pH值增加,但2007年pH值较低,主要与降雨量有关。综合分析,降水酸度不仅是酸性离子和碱性离子中和作用,也受其他离子浓度和降雨量、风向等气候条件、距离传输以及地形等影响。     

炼化废水中COD与BOD_5相关性的探讨

为了及时掌握炼化废水的BOD5值，因此对COD与BOD5之间的相关性进行了探讨试验；COD与BOD5的测定采用国家标准方法，连续20d，用最小二乘法计算COD与BOD5的相关关系式；通过相关式由COD值可求出当天相应的BOD5值，为及时调整污水处理设施提供依据。     

成都市区酸雨变化及降雨化学组成分析

依据成都市1995～2003年城区酸雨监测统计资料,本文对成都市城区酸雨的变化特征、离子化学组成进行了分析。结果表明:城区降水酸度变化呈现出一定的波动性,酸雨频变化表现出较大的波动性;1999年和2000年酸雨年均酸度及频率情况都较好,之后出现反弹;降水中离子含量高,雨水污染严重;降水中CSO2-的比值正在逐步缩小,酸雨状况转变为硫/CNO-34酸型和硝酸型并重的局面,大气污染物中NOx的贡献率正在升高。灰色关联分析表明:降水pH值与雨水中碱性阳离子的关联序为NH+4>Ca2+>Mg2+>K+>Na+;降水pH′值与雨水中酸性阴离子的关联序为Cl->F->SO2-3。4>NO-     

PC—1500微机绘制和检验校准曲线的BASIC程序

绘制校准曲线时,用最小二乘法求出斜率与截距,用回归分析检验相关性是否符合一定的质量保证要求,用剩余标准差和距平值求出曲线精度,然后进行截距和斜率的显著性检验,最后求出校准曲线.整个计算过程由PC—1500微机完成,操作简单,应用方便.     

基于高光谱的土壤重金属含量预测模型建立与评价

研究不同重金属元素的统计特性以及与光谱不同变换形式之间的相关性,通过逐步回归算法和最佳适应值函数F为指标选取最佳波段,运用偏最小二乘回归方法构建了不同变换形式的光谱反射率与重金属含量的反演模型。结果表明:研究区内Zn、Cu和Ni主要受自然因素影响,Cr受外界因素影响程度较大且存在一定的积累现象。不同光谱变换方式的建模精度和预测能力大小有以下关系,光谱对数微分光谱一阶微分光谱倒数微分光谱连续统去除光谱倒数对数原始光谱。采用光谱对数一阶微分建模可以作为反演研究区土壤重金属含量的最佳模型,从而为研究区土壤重金属含量快速监测和大尺度的土壤重金属污染评价提供技术支撑。     

二维与三维电解法处理含铜废水的试验研究

以含铜废水为处理对象,考察了二维电解法的电解电压、电解时间、pH值、极间距对铜去除率的影响。在此基础上为提高处理效率,两极间填充活性炭和玻璃珠形成三维电解,确定了三维电解的最佳运行条件是极间距4cm,pH值3～4,电解电压22 V,电解135min,铜离子的去除率为80.6%。     

2011～2020年昆山市酸雨变化特征及成因分析

酸雨，对人类生活和生产造成了巨大的影响。为了解昆山市酸雨污染状况及其变化特征，根据昆山市2011～2020年降水监测数据，对酸雨的变化特征、变化趋势、离子化学组成、各离子间的相关性及酸雨成因进行了分析。结果表明：2011～2020年昆山市降水的pH年均值总体呈升高趋势，酸雨频率总体呈下降趋势；酸雨呈季节性变化，冬季酸雨频率最高，夏季酸雨频率最低；大气降水中主要阳离子为NH⁺₄和Ca²⁺,主要阴离子为SO₄^2-和NO^-₃;降水中的SO₄^2-和NO^-₃的比值在逐年缩小，从2014年的3.80逐步下降到2020年的0.97,硝酸根离子浓度呈波动变化，但变化不显著，酸雨的特征由硫酸型转化为硫酸-硝酸复合型。因此，加快产业结构调整、优化能源结构、加强工业废气和机动车尾气等的综合治理，从而减少SO₂和NO_X的排放，是...     

用灰色系统理论GM(1,1)建立大气降水中酸雨pH值的预测模型

本文用灰色系统理论GM(1,1)建立了大气降水中pH值的预测模型。经三种不同方法检验。对我市1990—1993年大气降水中酸雨pH值进行了预测,结果令人满意。     

都匀市降水pH值的变化趋势及特征分析

ｐＨ值是衡量降水酸性的重要指标。本文研究了都匀市降水ｐＨ值的变化趋势，并对其酸性降水的特征进行分析，提出了保护大气质量，降低酸雨频率的对策建议。     

STRATEGIES FOR SEPARATING METALS FROM ACID MINE WATERS1

ABSTRACT: Strategies for the precipitation and separation of the primary metal ions, Fe(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), and Cd(II) in acid waste waters such as those in tributaries of the upper Sacramento River in northern California, are discussed. The strategies exploit the: (1) differential oxygen and hydrogen peroxide oxidation and precipitation properties of the metal ions as a function of pH, (2) the addition of ions, such as Mg^{2 +} and Cl^-, to reduce unfavorable coprecipitation, and (3) the facilitation of oxidation-reduction reactions between metal ions and the stabilization of particular oxidation states. This may be accomplished with specific complexing agents such as thiocyanate, SCN^-, and thiourea (TU), S = C(NH₂)₂ in order to separate copper at low pH as Cu(I) using Fe(II) as a reducing agent.     

四川盆地降水酸化范围及发展趋势予测

本文通过对四川盆地内二氧化硫排放源的统计调查分类、建立一种简便而较实用的数学模式,计算盆地内现阶段降水酸化范围及预测其发展趋势。结果表明:在现阶段,盆地内降水酸化面积达到10万km~2,重酸化区为3.2万km~2,预计到2000年时,降水酸化区将超过15万km~2,重酸化区也将达6万km~2以上。     

Watershed vulnerability predictions for the Ozarks using landscape models

Forty-six broad-scale landscape metrics derived from commonly used landscape metrics were used to develop potential indicators of total phosphorus (TP) concentration, total ammonia (TA) concentration, and Escherichia coli bacteria count among 244 sub-watersheds of the Upper White River (Ozark Mountains, USA). Indicator models were developed by correlating field-based water quality measurements and contemporaneous remote-sensing-based ecological metrics using partial least squares (PLS) analyses. The TP PLS model resulted in one significant factor explaining 91% of the variability in surface water TP concentrations. Among the 18 contributing landscape model variables for the TP PLS model, the proportions of a sub-watershed that are barren and in human use were key indicators of water chemistry in the associated sub-watersheds. The increased presence and reduced fragmentation of forested areas are negatively correlated with TP concentrations in associated sub-watersheds, particularly within close proximity to rivers and streams. The TA PLS model resulted in one significant factor explaining 93% of the variability in surface water TA concentrations. The eight contributing landscape model variables for the TA PLS model were among the same forest and urban metrics for the TP model, with a similar spatial gradient trend in relationship to distance from streams and rivers within a sub-watershed. The E. coli PLS model resulted in two significant factors explaining 99.7% of the variability in E. coli cell count. The 17 contributing landscape model variables for the E. coli PLS model were similar to the TP and TA models. The integration of model results demonstrates that forest, riparian, and urban attributes of sub-watersheds affect all three models. The results provide watershed managers in the Ozark Mountains with a broad-scale vulnerability prediction tool, focusing on TP, TA, and E. coli, and are being used to prioritize and evaluate monitoring and restoration efforts in the vicinity of the White River, a major tributary to the Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico.     

Aluminum output fluxes from forest ecosystems in Europe: a regional assessment

Data from 89 forested catchments and plots across Europe were used to define empirical relationships between aluminum leaching and input fluxes of major ions, output fluxes of major ions, ecosystem parameters such as soil pH, and combinations of these. Forests that release dissolved Al to seepage or surface waters are located primarily in areas receiving the highest loading of acid rain, and the output flux of Al shows the highest correlations to the throughfall flux of inorganic nitrogen, the output fluxes of NO3-, H+, and SO4(2-), and the mineral soil pH. If the speciation of Al is taken to be Al3+ (an overestimate), Al is released in a nearly 1:1 molar charge ratio with the sum of NO3- and SO4(2-) in runoff or seepage water over a wide range of basepoor bedrock types and acid deposition across Europe. The empirical data point to a threshold range of N deposition of 80 to 150 mmolc N m(-2) yr(-1) and a (less clearly defined) range of S deposition of 100 to 200 mmolc SO4(-2) m(-2) yr(-1) above which Al released from forests exceeds 100 mmolc Al m(-2) yr(-1). Within this threshold range, the sites that release little or no dissolved Al are those that continue to assimilate input N and/or have high soil pH (>4.5).     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LAND USES AND RAINWATER QUALITY IN A SOUTHCENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Spatial and temporal variability in rainfall concentrations of nutrients, major ions, and herbicides was monitored at 7 locations in or near the Conodoguinet Creek watershed in south-central Pennsylvania from 1991.1993. Results were used to (1) compare precipitation quality in forested, agricultural and urban areas, and (2) assess the practicality of using volunteer citizen monitoring in such a study. As indicated in previous studies, sulfate and nitrogen concentrations in precipitation were linked to sample pH. Concentrations of major ions in precipitation appeared to relate more to regional influences rather than local influences. However, concentrations of herbicides in precipitation may have been influenced by both regional and local use which caused compounds like atrazine, deethylatrazine, propazine, simazine, metolachior, alachlor, ametryn, and prometon to be present in detectable concentrations in rainfall. Seasonality was evident in nitrogen, sulfate, pH, and herbicide data and was suggested in calcium, iron, manganese, magnesium, orthophosphate, and chloride data. Agricultural weed control activities were probably responsible for the seasonal pattern in pesticide data which peaked in May and June. Tropical storm Danielle may have caused the apparent seasonal patterns for the other nine parameters. This storm did not follow the typical west to east movement pattern and consequently produced rainfall of relative high quality. A variety of quality assurance checks indicated that trained volunteer citizen monitors were successful participants in this intensive and extensive scientific study, collecting good quality samples in a timely manner. Without this kind of volunteer help, it is extremely difficult to complete studies that require sampling in response to natural events such as rainfall.