城市污水处理厂污泥臭氧减量技术研究

通过半连续式实验考察了臭氧投加量和初始pH对剩余污泥臭氧处理的影响.结果表明,随着臭氧投加量的增加,污泥溶解率增加,有机质、氮、磷等物质释放到污泥液相中;最佳臭氧投加量控制在约150 mg·g-1(以SS计),污泥溶解率可达约26%;污泥臭氧减量应在初始pH中性或偏碱性条件下进行,此时污泥溶解率较高,有利于有机质和氮的溶出.臭氧处理后污泥回流至生物处理系统对微生物的生物活性、COD和TN的去除效果无显著影响,但由于系统中无剩余污泥排放,导致TP的去除效果明显下降.臭氧处理后污泥上清液的Ca(OH)2除磷实验发现,较高的钙磷摩尔比对上清液除磷有利;当其值控制在10.0左右时,TP的去除率大于80%.     

臭氧在中试规模污泥原位减量中的应用

为探究高、低浓度臭氧旁路处理对中试系统出水水质、污泥减量率的影响,采用两组系统(对照组:厌氧/缺氧/好氧(A/A/O),试验组:A/A/O+臭氧旁路处理)在5个工况下运行183d.结果表明,利用剂量为13mg/g MLSS(25mg/g MLVSS)臭氧处理占生物反应池容积20％的回流污泥时,系统运行性能良好;在此操作...     

纯氧曝气活性污泥浓度与沉降性能研究

纯氧生化处理是一种很有发展前景的污水处理工艺,采用SBR工艺处理生活污水,研究纯氧曝气系统的污泥浓度、污泥沉降性等特性。结果表明:纯氧曝气污泥浓度大于空气曝气,MLSS,MLVSS分别为4 225.57mg/L,3 155.71 mg/L,MLVSS/MLSS保持在0.72左右,污泥中有机成分更高,活性更大。纯氧曝气菌胶团结构较空气紧密,稳定期SV,SVI分别达到25.67%,60.12 mL/g,污泥的沉降性更稳定。低曝气量、高含量DO有利于纯氧污泥的浓度提高、沉降性能改善。     

酸碱耦合臭氧对污泥氮磷释放规律的影响

利用自行研制的臭氧处理装置对不同pH条件下的污泥进行化学氧化处理,研究酸碱与臭氧耦合处理对污泥pH、EC、以及NO-3-N、NH+4-N和PO3-4-P浓度的影响。结果显示:污泥pH值随臭氧处理时间增加呈现明显下降趋势;电导率值升高,其中pH4处理上升最为明显,终点值为52.3 ms;pH10处理时全氮含量下降最大,降低了22.9%;pH4处理的NO-3-N释放量最大,为52.59 mg/L;各处理条件下NH+4-N释放量均超过400%;可溶性正磷酸盐含量表现为:酸耦合处理>近中性耦合处理>碱耦合处理>未经pH处理;方差分析表明,在氮磷释放效果上,酸耦合处理>碱耦合处理,而且酸碱性越强效果越好。     

亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的富集培养与其污泥特性分析

为了解亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)特性,以某中试SBR的剩余污泥为接种污泥,以NO2--N为底物,采用逐步提高进水NO2--N浓度的方式,通过控制高游离亚硝酸(FNA)浓度联合高DO浓度对NOB进行富集培养.65d后,荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术分析结果显示NOB占细菌总数的80%以上[Nitrobacter(NOB的一个种,菌体呈杆状或梨状):80%; Nitrospira(NOB的一个种,菌体呈螺旋状):5%],表明成功富集培养出NOB为优势菌种的活性污泥.并且自然形成颗粒污泥,MLSS约为700mg/L,MLVSS/MLSS为0.278,SVI约为6mL/g.富集后污泥SVI较低的原因可能是污泥无机化程度高,污泥以无机盐沉淀为晶核形成颗粒污泥.试验结果表明,该污泥能够处理NO2--N浓度为1000mg/L的污水,比硝化速率为131.03mg/(g MLVSS·h),比耗氧速率为169.5mg O2/(g MLVSS·h).     

平板膜在污泥浓缩消化处理中的应用研究

采用中试规模的反应器对平板膜-污泥浓缩消化(MSTD)工艺的污泥消化机制和膜污染机理进行了研究.结果表明,经过15d的运行,MSTD工艺的污泥浓度(MLSS)从最初的3.6g/L上升到约34.2g/L,MLVSS和MLSS的消解率分别达到52%和47%,实现了同步浓缩和消化.由于溶解氧的变化,MSTD工艺的消化机制分为好氧消化和类似的厌氧消化2个阶段,分别降解二价金属离子和铁离子连接的2类生物聚合物.在MSTD过程中,平板膜的截留和污泥消化导致污泥性质剧烈变化,从而造成膜过滤性能剧烈下降.MLSS、胞外聚合物(EPS)和溶解性微生物产物(SMP)均对膜污染有显著的影响.     

臭氧投量对SBR系统污泥沉降性能及脱氮除磷的影响

以污水厂冬季膨胀期污泥（SVI=280 mL·g^-1）为对象,研究了臭氧投量对SBR系统污泥沉降性能及脱氮除磷效果的影响.结果表明,低浓度投加臭氧（0.085 g·g^-1,以O₃/MLSS计）20 d后,菌丝体被打断,SVI降至125 mL·g^-1,消除了污泥膨胀,且硝化、除磷效果不受影响.高浓度投加臭氧,污泥的沉降性能反而开始恶化,除磷效率也降至60%左右.进一步研究表明,PS/PN与SVI呈正相关关系（R²=0.9381）,可表征污泥的沉降性能;臭氧除打断菌丝体外,还通过改变EPS的含量及组分影响着污泥的沉降性能.     

污泥臭氧化对MBR运行效能的影响

结合MBR和污泥臭氧化各自的优点,开展了化学法和生物法相结合的污泥减量技术研究,对污泥臭氧化的特点及其对MBR运行效能的影响进行了考察.实验表明,污泥细胞的溶解随着臭氧投加量的增加而改善,但当投加量大于0.16mg/mgMLVSS时,污泥混合液的性状(MLVSS、SCOD)变化趋缓.在最佳的投加量下,53.1%的MLVSS被臭氧溶解,而SCOD和TN分别升高1287,143.9mg/L.臭氧对有机物的氧化使得液相中的C/N比仅为8.6.通过3个MBR系统[污泥臭氧化的数量分别为进水流量(Q)的0、0.5%和1%]的平行运行,结果显示,臭氧化能够显著降低系统的污泥产率(0.5%Q和1%Q系统的污泥产率仅为0.17,0.12kgMLSS/kgCOD,较0Q系统分别下降了29%和50%),同时不对硝化和有机物的去除作用产生明显的影响,系统出水水质良好.     

UASB处理高浓度硫酸盐废水启动过程污泥特性变化

跟踪比较一套处理高浓度硫酸盐污水的UASB反应器从启动驯化到稳定运行的243 d内污泥特性的变化.结果显示颗粒污泥的形成与生物活性直接影响反应器的处理效率.反应器启动初期颗粒污泥的平均粒径由种泥的1.82 mm减少至0.99 mm;随着负荷增加、水力停留时间缩短,颗粒污泥平均粒径呈逐步增长趋势.采用N2吹脱反应器内产生的H_2S,N_2流量为60 mL·min~(-1)时,颗粒污泥的平均粒径快速增长至1.51 mm;N_2流量为100 mL·min~(-1)时,颗粒污泥平均粒径呈现下降趋势;N_2连续吹脱使得反应器内不同高度污泥的平均粒径趋于接近.污泥中活性微生物的量(MLVSS)在启动初期先降后升,升至33.59 g·L~(-1)之后平稳增长到49.72 g·L~(-1),活性污泥中微生物所占悬浮固体量的比例(MLVSS/MLSS)也呈相同的变化趋势,先下降后升至0.36之后平稳升至0. 50;相关性分析表明,反应器硫酸盐还原效率与MLVSS呈显著正相关(r=0.918,p=0.003),驯化过程中SO_4~(2-)还原效率为30%～95%.电镜分析表明,接种时颗粒污泥表面粗糙,结构松散,多为丝状菌、杆菌、球菌;驯化后颗粒污泥表面光滑内部微生物结构紧密,菌群密集,多为弧菌、杆菌.硫酸盐还原反应器驯化过程中负荷、水力停留时间、反应器内水力上升流速、以及N2吹脱强度和时间都影响颗粒污泥粒径的变化;污泥中菌群组成的变化也可能是影响颗粒污泥粒径变化因素之一.     

剩余污泥臭氧化过程中磷的释放及形态转化

以剩余污泥臭氧化过程中含磷物质的形态分布及变化规律为研究核心,分析了不同臭氧投加量下污泥样品中液相和固相中磷的形态,并探讨了不同磷形态与臭氧相关的释放性能.结果表明,臭氧投加量为0.15 g·g~(-1)时,液相总磷(TP_L)含量为38.26 mg·L~(-1),比氧化前污泥混合液中TP_L含量增加了29倍,因此,可将0.15 g·g~(-1)作为实际释磷工艺最佳臭氧投加量.臭氧氧化过程中污泥固相中各形态磷含量及其所占固相总磷(TP_S)比例的变化趋势基本相同.臭氧可提高污泥中磷潜在的生物可利用性,臭氧投加量为0.15 g·g~(-1)时,生物有效磷含量达20.74 mg·g~(-1),在TP_S中所占比例由原始污泥中的73.60%提高至86.27%.TP_L含量的增加主要来自污泥臭氧氧化过程中污泥解絮和溶胞,每溶解1 g MLSS向液相中释放TP_L的量为0.0324 g.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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