多介质逸度模型的应用与展望

介绍了源于逸度算法的多介质逸度模型。该模型具有结构简单、所需参数少、容易计算、结果表示直观、其计算方法可推广到任意数目的环境介质、预测结果对环境监测和管理具有指导意义等优点。综述了逸度模型的理论基础及近10年的发展与应用情况,并展望了多介质逸度模型的应用前景和发展趋势。     

应用于序半连续式反应器工艺的硝化和反硝化动力学研究

研究了序半连续式反应器中微生物生长、硝化和反硝化动力学.基于活性污泥1号模型(ASM No.1)中的原理和结论,导出了在有氧阶段和缺氧阶段微生物生长速率,铵、硝酸盐、易生物降解基质等的反应速率及它们的物料平衡方程;对模型中的各参数进行了参数估值,即利用龙格-库塔法解常微分方程组和黄金分割法搜索最小误差;得出了数学模型中各动力学参数和化学计量系数;模型计算结果与试验值有较好的吻合.     

应用Matlab仿真烟气脱硫除尘过程

介绍了Matlab语言在烟气脱硫除尘过程仿真中的应用.根据试验得到不同参数值时烟气的脱硫、除尘效率,用MATLAB对数据进行最小二乘法拟合,得到方程式.已知烟气风量和不同阶段的温度、进口和达标污染物浓度,根据拟合得到的方程式(乘以修正系数),用Matlab编程可计算出污染物满足达标情况下的参数值.结果表明,该程序简单、易读、使用方便、功能强大、精度高,由此证明了基于Matlab语言开发烟气脱硫除尘设计软件的可行性与优越性.     

A/O/O工艺处理含油污水的模拟评估

利用Bio Win 5.0软件建立了某炼油厂A/O/O工艺处理含油污水的数学模型,对其工艺参数进行了评估,并提出了改进建议。经调整部分动力学参数后,模拟结果与实测值吻合度较好,相关系数在0.75~0.81之间,建立的模型可较好反映工艺的运行工况。模拟优化主要针对一级处理装置,在仅考虑NH_3-N和COD去除的情况下,目前装置的工艺参数较合理,若考虑TN,无法实现TN和NH_3-N同时达标。对一级处理装置的模型进行改进后,出水模拟值中COD轻微上升2%,但ρ(NH_3-N)和TN分别下降83%和66%,可有效减轻后续处理装置负荷。     

膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器在低温低浓度下的动力学研究

在考虑膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器的反应动力学、水力动力学和热动力学特点的基础上,建立了EGSB反应器在低浓度下的基质降解动力学模型,求出EGSB反应器在进水COD450m g/L、35,15℃(与35℃同样的液体上升流速)和15℃(提高液体上升流速至最佳)3种运行条件时的速率常数分别为3.91×102,1.07×102,2.54×102d-1。用A rrhenius方程分析了温度对速率常数的影响,计算出EGSB反应器在提高液体上升流速前后的活化能分别为4.897×104J/m o l和1.197×104J/m o。l低温使速率常数明显降低,但液体上升流速的提高却能显著提高速率常数,降低活化能。     

上海市生活垃圾处置计划量指标测算模型初探

对生活垃圾处置计划管理政策的意义、生活垃圾处置计划指标测算模型建立的意义和作用进行分析,对建立模型的因素、计算公式、计算流程等进行详细说明,并对3个典型区县的实际情况进行了计算和分析,总结了模型存在的问题和完善方向。     

活性焦烟气脱汞的试验研究与数值模拟

采用固定床吸附系统,对自制褐煤活性焦的脱汞性能进行了试验研究,研究发现自制活性焦对烟气中Hg0有一定的吸附能力,随着Hg0的入口浓度的增加,活性焦质量的增加,活性焦的吸附量也在增加。40mg时3号活性焦由10ng/min汞入1：2浓度时26．68％的最大吸附效率提高到40ng／min汞入口浓度时的53．12％。10ng/min汞入口浓度时3号活性焦在40mg时的最大吸附效率为26．68％,而在80mg时吸附效率提高到43．2％。烟气中的SO2、NO气体对活性焦吸附汞有一定的促进作用。在试验的基础上建立了固定床吸附系统的数学模型,基于Lan—mguir吸附系数,考虑吸附过程中颗粒内、外的传质控制过程,建立质量平衡方程。通过Matlab模型计算,计算结果与试验结果基本吻合,计算的活性焦脱汞效率要优于试验数值,计算的是理想情况下活性焦对汞的吸附效率,实际情况会有所降低。     

糙皮侧耳降解碱木素的动力学研究

对糙皮侧耳B1(白腐真菌的一种)降解碱木素的动力学进行了研究.基于Logistic方程,建立了糙皮侧耳B1在纯培养条件和碱木素存在条件下的生长动力学模型.动力学模型参数分别为0.94d-1和0.90d-1.该模型能够较好地模拟体系中生物量的变化,平均相对误差分别为3.2％和3.4％.糙皮侧耳B1对低浓度碱木素的降解存在...     

单极性三维电极电解处理含钴废水

采用并联式单极性三维电极电解处理低浓度含钴废水并回收金属钴,比较了二维电极与三维电极的钴离子去除效果,探讨了填充材料、电流、填充比（填充材料与废水的质量比）、废水pH对钴离子去除效果的影响,建立了反应动力学模型,并进行了经济性分析。实验结果表明：三维电极对钴离子的去除效果远优于二维电极;在以网状Ti/RuO₂为阳极、不锈钢板为阴极并作为主电极、空心钢球为第三极、极间距5 cm、电解时间60 min、电流为0.6 A、填充比为2.5、不调节废水pH的条件下处理钴离子质量浓度为112.3 mg/L的废水,钴离子去除率可达85.6%、电流效率为68.3%;去除钴离子的电化学反应符合一级反应动力学模型;该方法具有良好的环境与经济效益。     

硫酸法钛白粉生产中三废的综合治理

钛白粉生产方法中,以硫酸法生产工艺最成熟且流程简单,其缺点是废、副产物多。按用品位大于50％的钛铁矿计算,每生产1吨钛白副产绿矾3吨、15—20％废酸10吨、酸性废渣0.5吨、5％以下的酸性废水200吨,间歇性酸解每分钟排放酸解尾气60米~3,连续性煅烧每分钟排放尾气40米~3。若对它们不进行治理,将严重污染环境。我厂     

Stochastic Modeling Concepts in Groundwater and Risk Assessment: Potential Application to Marine Problems

Parameter uncertainty is ubiquitous in marine environmental processes. Failure to account for this uncertainty may lead to erroneous results, and may have significant environmental and economic ramifications. Stochastic modeling of oil spill transport and fate is, therefore, central in the development of an oil spill contingency plan for new oil and gas projects. Over the past twenty years, several stochastic modeling tools have been developed for modeling parameter uncertainty, including the spectral, perturbation, and simulation methods. In this work we explore the application of a new stochastic methodology, the first-order reliability method (FORM), in oil spill modeling. FORM was originally developed in the structural reliability field and has been recently applied to various environmental problems. The method has many appealing features that makes it a powerful tool for modeling complex environmental systems. The theory of FORM is presented, identifying the features that distinguish the method from other stochastic tools. Different formulations to the reliability-based stochastic oil spill modeling are presented in a decision-analytic context.     

The effect of dynamic scheduling and routing in a solid waste management system

Solid waste collection and hauling account for the greater part of the total cost in modern solid waste management systems. In a recent initiative, 3300 Swedish recycling containers have been fitted with level sensors and wireless communication equipment, thereby giving waste collection operators access to real-time information on the status of each container. In this study, analytical modeling and discrete-event simulation have been used to evaluate different scheduling and routing policies utilizing the real-time data. In addition to the general models developed, an empirical simulation study has been performed on the downtown recycling station system in Malmoe, Sweden. From the study, it can be concluded that dynamic scheduling and routing policies exist that have lower operating costs, shorter collection and hauling distances, and reduced labor hours compared to the static policy with fixed routes and pre-determined pick-up frequencies employed by many waste collection operators today. The results of the analytical model and the simulation models are coherent, and consistent with experiences of the waste collection operators.     

煤场防风抑尘网抑尘效果研究

随着国家环保要求越来越高,火电厂煤场扬尘问题受到越来越多的关注。防风抑尘网作为治理煤场扬尘的有效技术,日益得到广泛的应用。论述了煤场起尘机理、起尘风速及起尘量估算、煤场扬尘预测模式,综合研究了防风抑尘网起尘机理及抑尘效果,提出了起尘风速及起尘量估算推荐公式、煤场扬尘预测推荐模式,并通过数值模拟计算与实测数据,对防风抑尘网抑尘效果进行了分析。     

Modeling Afforestation and the Underlying Uncertainties

A dynamic model of the carbon budget of an oak forest ecosystem that takes into account forest stand age was developed. A numerical experiment was designed to simulate the afforestation process, and a Monte Carlo simulation was performed to determine how parameter uncertainties and environmental variability influence the result. It was found that while the total amount of carbon stored in the ecosystem increases from 1.9 kg C/m² to 4.4 kg C/m² over the following 20 years, the relative standard deviation increases from 9 to 21%. The contribution of varying climate and carbon dioxide parameters to total uncertainty is substantial; for example, the standard deviation at the 10th modeling year for phytomass doubles and the uncertainties of the soil pool and total accumulated carbon increase by a factor of nearly 1.4, while the uncertainty of the litter pool stays almost at the same level.     

氯气泄漏扩散过程及后果评价的研究现状分析

综述了氯气泄漏扩散过程及后果评价的研究成果。从现场试验、实验室模拟和数学模拟三方面分析了氯气泄漏扩散各研究方法的优势和局限性。强调了氯气泄漏扩散后果评价的必要性。指出:必须针对中国特有的一些重气扩散建立专属知识产权的数学模型;不同层次数学模型的精度皆有待于进一步提高;需加强基于特定数学模型的全过程统一界面模拟程序的开发。     

COASTMAP: An integrated monitoring and modeling system to support oil spill response

One of the most difficult tasks in oil spill response modeling is to provide accurate estimates of the currents and winds during the spill event. This is typically done in an ad-hoc, subjective manner combining very limited field observations with simplified hydrodynamic and meteorological models. As an alternative an integrated environmental monitoring and modeling system, called COASTMAP, is presented. COASTMAP allows the user to collect, manipulate, display, and archive real-time environmental data through an embedded geographic information system and environmental data management tools; to perform simulations with a suite of environmental models (e.g. hydrodynamics, meteorological) in order to predict dynamics in the operational area and to assimilate real-time data into the models to allow hindcasting, nowcasting and forecasting. COASTMAP, operational on a personal computer, is controlled by mouse/keyboard through a series of menus and uses color graphics to present model predictions (plots, graphs, animations) and the results of data analyses. The software is designed using a shell based architecture making application to any geographic location simple and straightforward.In the present paper, COASTMAP is linked with OILMAP to provide a fully operational, real-time system that allows prediction of circulation, winds and oil spill trajectory and fate for estuarine and coastal sea areas. System performance is illustrated by the simulation of the trajectory of oil tracking buoys during two experiments performed in the lower west passage of Narragansett Bay. Simulation results using several forecast procedures, with/without real-time data, are presented.     

火电厂烟气抬升的积分模型研究

根据流体力学的基本方程,考虑引起烟气抬升不同阶段的掺混原因,将产生的掺混率叠加导出一个简单的掺混函数,从而得到一个计算烟气抬升运动的积分模型,并与试验结果进行了比较。     

A system dynamic modeling approach for evaluating municipal solid waste generation,landfill capacity and related cost management issues

As planning for sustainable municipal solid waste management has to address several inter-connected issues such as landfill capacity, environmental impacts and financial expenditure, it becomes increasingly necessary to understand the dynamic nature of their interactions. A system dynamics approach designed here attempts to address some of these issues by fitting a model framework for Newark urban region in the US, and running a forecast simulation. The dynamic system developed in this study incorporates the complexity of the waste generation and management process to some extent which is achieved through a combination of simpler sub-processes that are linked together to form a whole. The impact of decision options on the generation of waste in the city, on the remaining landfill capacity of the state, and on the economic cost or benefit actualized by different waste processing options are explored through this approach, providing valuable insights into the urban waste-management process.     

Modeling the fate of oil spills at sea

A numerical model for the simulation of the physicochemical weathering processes of an oil spill at sea is presented based on state-of-the-art models. The model includes the most significant processes: spreading, evaporation, dispersion into the water column, emulsification and the change in viscosity and density. These processes depend on each other and are allowed to vary simultaneously since processes are described by a set of differential equations, solved by a fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. Numerical examples are given, in order to test the results obtained, and compared with available experimental data in the literature. The model predicts well the variation of water incorporation, density and viscosity but seems to overestimate the fraction evaporated. However more experimental data are needed to calibrate and validate the model since differences in the composition of the simulated oil and the samples from which experimental data are taken may occur in evaporation studies. The model is suitable to join other modules for the prediction of the spill trajectory by advection due to winds and currents and sub-sea transport.     

Using uncertainty analysis to reduce costs at a pump-and-treat site

The former Nebraska Ordnance Plant site in east-central Nebraska was included on the National Priorities List because of explosives and trichloroethene contamination. The preferred groundwater remedy includes hydraulic containment of the contaminated groundwater and focused extraction of the more highly contaminated groundwater as components of the remedial action. The purpose of hydraulic containment is to stop the spread of contamination, while the more aggressive focused extraction will be used to speed up the remediation and reduce total cleanup costs. This case study illustrates how straightforward groundwater models were combined with uncertainty analysis to select a precise definition of the focused extraction areas. The purpose of the analysis was to reduce ultimate remediation costs, given the significant uncertainty associated with the estimated remediation times. The selected definition provides a basis for more sophisticated groundwater modeling, the goal of which was to locate extraction wells and define their flow rates. The batch flushing model provided the governing equations, and Monte Carlo analysis was used for the uncertainty analysis. All of the analysis was performed on a personal computer using commercially available software.