Selection of (bio) indicators to assess effects of freshwater use in wetlands: a case study of s’Albufera de Mallorca, Spain

Parc Natural sAlbufera de Mallorca is an internationally recognised resting area for a wide array of migratory birds, and like most wetlands it has many other ecological functions and socio-economic values. In the catchment, in which the wetland is situated, expanding tourism and intensification of agriculture place much pressure on a limited amount of freshwater. The freshwater supply to the wetland decreased due to water-extraction mainly driven by intensification of agriculture in the catchment. As a result saltwater intrusion increased since 1983–1985. This had considerable impacts on the ecological integrity of the wetland as reflected by changes in the state of the aquatic ecosystem. The distribution of submerged plants, less tolerant of salinity, declined or disappeared, while the distribution of species, known to prefer high salinity increased. As a contribution to the development of monitoring programs and management strategies that address both socio-economic and natural water demand, this article will formulate ecological criteria to assess the natural water demand by selection of (bio)indicators within the aquatic ecosystem.     

Morphophysiological Rearrangements in Fish in Response to Pollution (in the Light of S.S. Shvarts' Theory)

The results of a study on morphophysiological variation in fish inhabiting a subarctic lake exposed to chronic industrial pollution are described using an example of cisco, Coregonus lavaretus. It is shown that indices of the heart, liver, kidneys, gills, and fatness in these fish are increased significantly and have retained increased values for the past 20 years. The observed changes are analyzed on the basis of biochemical data. The results of studies on the dynamics of hematological parameters in fish are used for characterizing the development of toxicosis. Adaptive rearrangements associated with an increase in the metabolic rate and the activation of protective systems in the fish are explained in the context of S.S. Schvarts' concept. The idea is proposed that the additional energy cost of detoxification may be responsible for morphophysiological variation in fish under conditions of water pollution.     

The Literature Aftermath Of The Brundtland Report ‘Our Common Future’. A Scientometric Study Based On Citations In Science And Social Science Journals

Two major multidisciplinary bibliographic databases, the Science Citation Index and the Social Science Citation Index were searched to collect science and social science journal articles published in the 1987–2001 period with the report Our Common Future among their references. A statistical overview is given about the trends and patterns revealed by the bibliometric/scientometric analysis of the retrieved literature. National and regional distributions as well as publication channels and thematic features are considered. During the period under study, the word sustainability became the dominating term of the field, and operative questions like those of management, technology and urbanization came into the forefront of interest.Readers should send their comments on this paper to:BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

四川省甘孜州松茸栖息地动态变化研究

应用3S技术结合野外调查,对甘孜州松茸栖息地10 a间（1994~2004）的动态变化特征进行综合分析。结果表明：（1）根据建群种的生活型可将松茸栖息地划分为3大栖息地类型（12个群系）,分别为硬叶常绿阔叶林栖息地、针阔叶混交林栖息地以及针叶林栖息地;（2）松茸栖息地破碎化整体上呈增加趋势,主要表现为最大斑块指数减小,斑块边界总密度、形状指数及多样性指数增大;（3）至2004年松茸栖息地总面积达1 728 96309 hm2,较1994年面积增加4329%;新增川滇高山栎川西云杉混交林和高山松黄背栎混交林两大斑块类型,面积分别为409 95468 hm2和24 61428 hm2;栖息地面积、类型及数量的增加,对破碎化的发展速度起到一定的延缓作用;（4）鳞皮冷杉林、高山松林、川滇高山栎川西云杉混交林以及高山栎鳞皮冷杉混交林为栖息地的优势斑块类型,有必要对其乔木层片与灌木层片中栎类植物的组成比例进行调整,改善栖息地环境质量     

江西大余县荡坪钨矿尾矿区自然植物组成及其重金属富集特征

研究江西大余县荡坪国有钨矿尾砂库区自然植物组成分布及其重金属富集特征，旨在为今后矿区植被重建与植物修复重金属污染土壤提供科学依据。结果表明：库区共出现了20种植物，隶属15科20属，其中草本植物14种，木本植物6种；这些植物明显生长不良，且主要分布在库区湿润或有水出现的沙土地区。尾砂库区中，不同重金属含量在同一植物体内大小趋势为Zn>Pb>Cu>Cd。库区没有发现重金属的超富集植物，大部分为Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的耐性植物。荡坪尾砂库区土壤Cd污染严重，木贼与蜈蚣草为Cd的避性植物，可用于库区Cd污染土壤的植被重建先锋物种；土荆芥与香附子为Cd的积累植物，可以用于库区Cd污染土壤的植物修复；其它植物为Cd的排斥植物，可用于库区Cd污染土壤的植物固化.     

人工重建的水生植物群落演替动态研究

水生植物群落在湖泊生态修复过程中作用显著，但目前人工重建的水生植物群落抗外界干扰能力弱，群落稳定性差，这就需要我们对人工重建的水生植物群落结构及其演替的生态学过程进行研究，从而探索受损群落的修复途径。于2003年在富营养化水体中采用物理生态工程进行了水生植物群落的重建研究，对群落演替动态变化过程进行了持续3年的观测。结果表明：水生植物之间发生生态位重叠时，其结果往往是以一个物种取代另一个物种，随着生态位重叠程度下降，种间关系和群落结构趋于稳定；而当物种空间位置错开时，生长期相近的物种共存则变为可能，因此在群落的构建过程中应当避免同时引入生态位重叠较高的物种，应注意植物间时间序列及空间结构的分离；此外还通过物种间的竞争表现，对几种常见水生植物构建的群落稳定性做了初步探讨.     

长江口中华鲟自然保护区及临近水域鱼类种类组成现状

为了解长江口中华鲟自然保护区及其临近水域鱼类种类组成的现状，2004~2008年利用底拖网、插网、定置网和刺网等多种网具对该水域的鱼类组成状况进行了较为系统的调查。共调查到鱼类105种，隶属于18目43科86属，鱼类种类组成以鲈形目和鲤形目为主；生态类型中海洋鱼类和淡水鱼类各37种，河口定居性鱼类25种，洄游性鱼类6种；鱼类种类组成处于长江下游至东海的过渡类型，鱼类食性以底栖生物、有机碎屑和浮游动物食性为主，凶猛性鱼类较少。与以往调查资料相比，调查水域鱼类物种数有所减少，一些重要的物种更是濒临绝迹。保护区水域鱼类不仅具有较高的物种多样性、河口代表性、稀有性和很高的科研价值，同时其生态系统也较为脆弱，并已受到严重威胁，保护区的保护工作显得尤为重要.     

Primary and secondary components of PM2.5 in Milan (Italy)

In sampling campaigns--carried out by means of a high-volume gravimetric sampler--performed between August 2002 and December 2003, 24-h PM2.5 samples have been collected at an urban background site in downtown Milan and analyzed for elemental and organic carbon, ionic species (i.e., chloride, nitrates, sulfates and ammonium) and some elemental species. Chemical speciation data are evaluated also in terms of primary and secondary components of fine particulate matter: in particular, the contribution of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and of the primary contribution from traffic to observed PM2.5 concentration levels are evaluated by means of the EC tracer method.     

战略环境影响评价中生物多样性影响评价特点

随着战略环境影响评价（Strategic Environmental Assessment，简称SEA）的发展，SEA被越来越广泛地用于生物多样性影响评价。由于受人类对生物多样性的研究和认识水平的限制，目前在国内外还没有成熟的方法用于生物多样性的影响评价，以致于生物多样性的影响评价内容不够具体和全面。从生物多样性的景观、生态系统、物种和基因4个层次分析了生物多样性影响评价在SEA中应用的限制因素。在此基础上，提出景观层次影响评价可以通过寻求易于测度的关键景观要素进行评价，宏观把握景观变化给生物多样性带来的影响趋势；生态系统层次影响评价应充分考虑各种替代方案的比较，避免敏感目标的生物多样性重大损失；物种层次的影响评价选择重要的目标物种作为主要评价依据；受研究水平限制，基因层次的影响评价还不具有普遍意义。     

苏州河浮游植物群落结构特征

以正在生态恢复进行中的苏州河水体为研究对象，共设黄渡、华漕、北新泾、武宁路桥、长寿路桥和浙江路桥6个采样点，从2000年10月至2002年10月间按春、夏、秋、冬进行了9次采样，另外，在黄渡、华漕和武宁路桥于2002年的5月和6月增加了5次采样，对苏州河浮游植物群落的种类组成和数量特征进行了调查研究，结果表明：苏州河浮游植物的平均个体数达到了 4.7×10⁶ ind/L，细胞密度平均值为 10.2×10⁶ ind/L，生物量均值为 5.73 mg/L。苏州河浮游植物群落结构的定性和定量组分表达均显示绿藻优势，其密度和生物量分别为 5.774 ind/μL 和 2.159 mg/L；属数、种数和生物量结构以硅藻次之。生物量、个体数与细胞数的Shannon Weaver指数均值分别为3.05、3.22和3.28；生物量、个体数与细胞数的Pielou均匀度指数均值则分别为0.73、0.76和0.77，Margalef和Simposon指数均值分别为1.59和0.84.     

湖北宣恩七姊妹山天师栗(Aesculus wilsonii)群落特征

天师栗（Aesculus wilsonii）是我国特有的珍稀树种，其天然分布比较零散，极少有大面积的自然群落存在。对湖北宣恩七姊妹山天然分布的天师栗群落采用相邻格子法进行调查，研究了群落的物种多样性、空间格局、群落结构和种群径级结构等群落特征。结果表明：（1）天师栗是群落的主要优势树种，其重要值为22.7，远大于重要值排在第二位的红枝柴（重要值为13.7），且在群落中呈聚集分布类型；（2）群落物种比较丰富，相对于灌木层和草本层，乔木层丰富度指数和均匀度指数较低，优势度指数较高，说明乔木层物种没有灌木层和草本层多，且分布不均匀，但优势种作用显著，成层现象明显；（3）群落的年龄〖JP2〗结构显示，该群落虽然目前处于稳定阶段，但群落中5个优势种群的幼年个体补充都严重不足，潜在的影响群落以后的生存和发展。应采取保护措施，促进群落的自然演替.     

ArcGIS支持下的样本稀疏山区空间插值模拟探讨

样本稀疏地区空间插值法对区域化变量的精准管理具有重要意义。基于ArcGIS 90，在分析土壤属性空间分布特征的基础上，提出并构建了基于不同土壤类型的土壤特性空间预测模拟模型，对比了传统方法与改进方法空间插值精度，实现了数值插值在复杂地理环境区域的应用，得到以下结论：(1)基于经度、纬度、海拔高度及坡度等地理因子的土壤基础环境因子的空间预测模拟模型，突破以往只能描述土壤属性在水平方向变化的局限，较客观、合理地反映土壤属性随地理位置及海拔高度的立体变化特征；(2)基于不同土壤类型回归模型来增加样本点以推断评价指标在无取样地区的分布状况的处理方式具有一定的数学理论支撑，有效降低了插值误差，提高了评价精度，使评价结果更加接近现实。     

基于灰色模糊理论的流域水电规划环境影响综合评价

结合模糊优选理论和灰色关联分析方法，提出灰色模糊综合评价法，该方法将灰色关联分析作为优属度确定的隶属度计算方法；提出理想环境序列建立遵循的原则，引入梯形模糊数实现定性指标量化并采用变异系数法确定评价指标权重。应用灰色模糊综合评价法对黄河流域河段水电规划的高坝方案和多级开发方案进行了比选研究，计算了两个方案的优属度及其开发性因子、稳定性因子、保护性因子、经济活力因子、社会可接受因子、环境风险因子等6个指标层优属度，结果表明，多级开发方案总体优于高坝方案；多级开发方案的保护性远好于高坝开发方案，而高坝方案的开发性略好于多级开发方案，稳定性、经济活力、社会可接受、环境风险等因子两种方案比较接近。评价结果与流域实际情况比较符合，证明该方法是一种有效的方法。     

基于“两型社会”的武汉城市圈土地集约利用评价

以获批全国"两型社会"建设综合配套改革试验区的武汉城市圈为研究对象,以"资源节约和环境保护"为目标,综合考虑土地集约利用的环境、社会、经济效应,阐述了土地集约利用的内涵,依据投入-产出等理论,构建了武汉城市圈土地集约利用评价体系,利用数据包络分析(简称DEA)法,对武汉城市圈土地集约利用进行了评价。研究结果表明:①武汉城市圈中仅有武汉、仙桃、天门三个城市是DEA有效的,DEA无效的6个城市DEA有效性从高到低分别是为黄冈、孝感、潜江、咸宁、鄂州、黄石;②影响武汉城市圈中城市DEA无效的因素是多样的,但主要集中在固定资产投资和单位GDP能耗等投入过多,GDP、社会商品销售额、财政收入、就业人员、生活垃圾处理率等产出率低。文章根据评价结果结合实际情况分析并指出了武汉城市圈发展过程中出现的土地利用问题,进而探讨"两型社会"框架下武汉城市圈应如何集约利用土地,优化配置土地资源,以实现"资源节约和环境保护"的目标。     

我国农产品贸易中的虚拟耕地交易分析

虚拟耕地是指隐含在农产品贸易中，生产这些农产品过程中所必需占用的土地资源，有意识的在国际农产品贸易中实施虚拟耕地战略，对于平衡国内耕地赤字、保障粮食安全，发挥我国农产品在国际市场上的竞争优势具有重要的理论指导意义。首先介绍了虚拟耕地的定义及其量化方法，接着分析计算了我国谷物、油籽、棉花等几类主要农产品单位重量的虚拟耕地含量，在此基础上，对当前农产品进出口贸易中虚拟耕地的交易现状及未来发展趋势作了分析和预测。结果显示：近10 a来虚拟耕地净进口量出现持续增长，2006年，通过农产品国际贸易净进口虚拟耕地16602903.1 hm²，约占当年全国耕地总面积的12.77%。同时，虚拟耕地净进口量在今后若干年仍将保持增长态势。     

太湖蠡湖浮游植物群落特征及其对水质的评价

2007年冬季（1月30日）和春季（3月27日）对太湖蠡湖进行两次全面调查。采用种类相似性指数、优势指数、多样性指数和污水生物系统等多项生物学指标分析浮游植物群落特征；并结合理化指标评价蠡湖水质营养状况。结果表明：蠡湖共检出浮游植物8门，88种；其中以绿藻门种类最多，共48种，占总种数的5455%；硅藻门次之，共15种，占总种数的1705%。两次调查中各个站位的优势种均为绿藻门种类，其中冬季的优势种为小球衣藻〖WTBX〗（Chlamydomonas microsphaera）〖WTBZ〗，优势指数变化在7143%~9628%，春季优势种为小形平藻〖WTBX〗（Pedinomonas minor）和小球藻（Chlorella vulgaris）〖WTBZ〗，优势指数变化在6702%~8259%，优势种非常明显。浮游植物相似性指数测算结果显示，冬季和春季的浮游植物种类组成差异很大，相似性指数仅为030。同时，生物学评价显示，蠡湖冬季水质劣于春季，与化学评价结果相一致；但从评定级别看，生物评价认为，2007年冬、春季节蠡湖水质分别处于重污染和中度污染状态，较化学评价的污染程度重，显示出两种方法的差异性。     

Molecular sex identification of sable and stone marten

Sable (Martes zibellina) and stone marten (Martes foina) populations are declining sharply and both species are threatened in China. Knowing the sex ratio of a population is important for long-term conservation and development of management plans for endangered marten species. We here describe the application of a novel PCR-RFLP method for sex determination in these two marten species. We developed a new designed primer pair (ZFLB1 and ZFLB2) that yields a smaller ZFX/ZFY PCR product (246 bp), which in combination with RFLP analysis, provides a simple and reliable method for gender determination in Martes zibellina and Martes foina. The method can be used on tissue and non-invasively collected hair samples for sex identification in wild marten populations, and is powerful for monitoring population status and trend of endangered martens.     

Social determinants of soil and water conservation in rural Kenya

Soil erosion is a major environmental problem and threat to rural development in Kenya. Numerous attempts to address the problem have apparently had little success. There are however some districts that have been very successful, notably Machakos. In this study we search for the factors that determine successful development in soil conservation such as social capital, human capital and market integration. One of our main results is that social capital measures are significant determinants of investment in soil conservation. A better understanding of the relevant mechanisms is essential for developing policies targeting improvement in natural resource management.

Multivariate statistical methods as a tool for model-based prediction of vegetation types

The current research was carried out to find the most effective environmental factors in plant species occurrence and providing their predictive habitat models. For this purpose, study was conducted in Poshtkouh rangelands of Yazd province in the central of Iran. For modeling, vegetation data in addition to site condition information including topography, climate, geology and soil were prepared. CCA and Logistic regression (LR) techniques were implemented for plant species predictive modeling. To plants predictive mapping, it is necessary to prepare the maps of all affective factors of models. To mapping soil characteristics, geoestatistical method including variogram analysis and Kriging interpolation were used. Based on obtained predictive models for each species (through LR method) and for whole species (through CCA method) related predictive maps were prepared in GIS. The accuracy of predictive maps were tested with actual vegetation maps. Vegetation modeling results with CCA indicates that predictive map of vegetation corresponds with actual map (with high accuracy). Predictive maps of Cornulaca monachantha, Ephedra strobilacea-Zygophyllum eurypterum, Seidlitzia rosmarinus, and Tamarix ramosissima, which have narrow amplitude, has high accordance with actual vegetation map prepared for the study area. Among species of study area, predictive model of Artemisia sieberi, due to its ability to grow in most parts of Poshtkouh rangelands with relatively different habitat conditions, is not possible. Comparing CCA and LR methods showed that each technique has its advantages and drawbacks. In general, LR will provide better specific-model, but CCA will provide a broader overview of multiple species.