污泥调理脱水后残余水分存在形态及空间分布

污泥脱水是污泥资源化利用的前提,采用高铁酸钾(K₂FeO₄)和污泥生物炭(脱水污泥在500℃热解制得污泥生物炭,记为BC500)作为调理剂对污泥进行预处理。污泥经3.00 g/L K₂FeO₄和9.00 g/L BC500调理脱水后,泥饼含水率降低至42.33%,较未经调理脱水后泥饼含水率(78.80%)减少36.47百分点。通过低场核磁共振技术(low field nuclear magnetic resonance, LF-NMR)检测脱水泥饼中残留水分的存在形式,并对水分种类进行划分。在K₂FeO₄氧化作用下,水分子与有机物的结合能被削弱,泥饼中残余结合水(0.23～10.72 ms)占比为99.68%～99.81%,毛细管水(70.00～700.00 ms)占比为0.19%～0.32%,原污泥泥饼中强结合水转化为弱结合水、毛细管水、自由水,弱结合水转化为毛细管水或自由水,毛细管水则转化为自由水,而自由水在机械脱水过程中几乎可以完全脱除。根据成像结果...     

电导率对城镇污泥电渗透脱水效果的影响

采用电渗透脱水技术对经机械脱水的城镇污泥泥饼进行深度脱水,考察了使用添加Na2SO4溶液以及使用去离子水清洗的方式改变污泥的电导率对污泥电渗透脱水效果与能耗的影响.结果表明,随着添加的Na2SO4的量的增加,污泥的电导率从1103μS/cm上升至2575μS/cm,电渗透脱水后污泥的最终含水率从51.2%降低至45.7%,脱水效果有所提高,但是由于初始阶段通过污泥泥饼的电流的增加,脱水过程中所需能耗也相应上升23.3%~69.2%.随着对污泥清洗次数的增加, 污泥的电导率从988μS/cm上升至371μS/cm,电渗透脱水后污泥的最终含水率从52.3%增加至53.1%,脱水效果有所下降,但是由于初始阶段通过污泥泥饼的电流的降低,使得所需能耗降低15%~24%.因此,对电导率较低的污泥使用电渗透脱水技术进行深度脱水,可以在保证脱水效果的情况下最大限度地降低能耗.     

交变电场-铁改性生物质强化城市污泥深度脱水

为了实现城市污泥的深度脱水,采用铁改性生物质作为骨架构建体联合交变电场电渗透技术处理污泥,以单因素实验为基础,探究了该联合技术对污泥脱水性能的影响,并通过表面响应法优化了污泥脱水的工艺参数.将玉米秸秆使用浓度为0.03g/mL的FeCl₃溶改性后与污泥混合,当采用不等占空比为4.33:1的交变电场,电压为17.22V/cm,改性生物质投加量为96.81mg/g DS,改性生物质含水率为61.91%,生物质粒径为1.05mm,阴阳极间距为2.10cm时,可以得到含水率为58.21%的脱水污泥,脱水能耗为0.0148kW·h/kg RW (脱除水分).脱水污泥的扫描电镜表征结果显示,铁改性生物质可以在污泥中起到良好的骨架支撑作用,有利于提高污泥的机械强度和可渗透性;热重分析显示,脱水后污泥的上、下层燃烧过程可划分为析出自由水和束缚水阶段,析出和燃烧挥发分阶段、分解无机盐阶段,添加铁改性生物质的脱水污泥有机质含量更高,燃烧得更快.     

炭材料强化污泥电脱水效果及同步燃料化处理

为研究炭材料调理对污泥电脱水性能及泥饼可燃性的影响,使用改性前后的活性炭和石墨对污泥进行预调理,对调理后的污泥进行电脱水实验,深入解析了炭材料调理前后污泥电脱水行为及泥饼可燃性的变化.研究表明：经炭材料调理后的污泥,阴极电脱水速率提升,相较于其他3种炭材料,石墨调理后的阴极电脱水速率提升最为明显,石墨的投加量5% TSS时,阴极平均脱水速率从0.074g/L上升到0.095g/L.炭材料可以提高污泥体系的电导性和污泥絮体的电泳淌度,使得阴极泥饼孔容有上升的趋势,阴极泥饼孔容从未投加炭材料时的0.1147cm³/g增加到AC-0、AC-1、AC-5、石墨的投加量为20% TSS时的0.119、0.122、0.146、0.157cm³/g;此外,炭材料加入后阴阳两极滤液中溶解有机物DOM和蛋白质组分浓度降低,可以缓解滤布堵塞;污泥电脱水过程中经炭材料调理后可以降低脱离每单位水所需要的能耗,未投加炭材料时去除每单位水所需能耗为6.75kW·h/kg_去除水,而当AC-0、AC-1、AC-5、石墨的投加量为20% TSS时,能耗分别降低到5.64、5.22、5.20、5.11kW·h/kg_去除水,且泥饼含水率从未投加炭材料时的58%降低至45%,固炭量增加,提高了泥饼的热值和可持续燃烧时间,当石墨的投加量为20% g/gTSS时,泥饼热值提高了17%.有利于后续焚烧资源化利用.     

玉米秸秆生物炭改善污泥脱水性能

本实验以玉米秸秆为原料,制备了生物炭和AlCl₃改性生物炭,研究了2种生物炭分别调理污泥后的脱水效果,并探讨了污泥脱水性能的改善机理.结果表明,经过2种生物炭调理后,污泥比阻（SRF）、泥饼含水率（MC）、污泥沉降体积指数（SV₃₀）、毛细抽吸时间（CST）均下降,污泥净产率（Y_N）升高,说明污泥脱水性能得到了改善,且AlCl₃改性生物炭对污泥脱水性能的改善效果明显优于生物炭.当AlCl₃（溶液浓度3mol/L）改性生物炭的用量为3g/L时,调理后的污泥SRF,MC,SV₃₀,CST分别降低至1.3×10¹²m/kg,81.9%,78.6%,35s,Y_N增加至17.8kg/（m²·h）.分析原因：一方面,经过生物炭调理后,泥饼中会形成一定的骨架结构,使得污泥中的水和EPS能够更容易地释放;另一方面,经过AlCl₃改性后,改性生物炭携带的正电荷（Al³⁺）能够与污泥颗粒所带的负电荷发生电中和作用,使得污泥颗粒更容易聚集,从而提高污泥的脱水效果.     

基于半焦的城市污泥调质与机械压滤脱水

采用污泥调质和机械压滤脱水的实验方法,研究了半焦添加量和压榨压力对基于半焦的城市污泥调质与机械压滤脱水泥饼含水率的影响。结果表明:在相同的实验条件下,城市污泥机械压滤脱水泥饼含水率随着半焦添加量的增加、压榨压力的增大而降低,当半焦添加量为4 g/100 mL污泥（含水95%）,压榨压力为1.6 MPa时,压滤泥饼的含水率由现有的80%左右降至32.19%;基于半焦的城市污泥调质与机械压滤脱水的半工业试验验证了上述结论的正确性,同时发现压滤泥饼的热值由原污泥的7.82 MJ/kg提高到15.29 MJ/kg,可直接代替煤炭燃烧发电。半焦调质城市污泥+机械压滤脱水能实现城市污泥的高效能源化利用,对节约资源,保护环境有重要意义。     

堆存污泥深度脱水及其干化泥饼焚烧特性研究

堆存污泥的深度脱水及后续处置一直是制约污泥填埋场发展的难题.焚烧是实现填埋场堆存污泥最大量减容的有效途径,而高效的深度脱水过程却是污泥焚烧处置的必要前提.以抽滤曲线、毛细吸水时间（CST）和泥饼含水率为评价指标探究了聚合氯化铝（PAC）-生石灰-秸秆粉末组合调理剂对堆存污泥深度脱水的效果,并分析了各因素的影响强弱关系和经济成本;此外,通过热重试验建立TG-DTG曲线,分析脱水后干化泥饼的焚烧特性.结果表明:聚合氯化铝（PAC）-生石灰-秸秆粉末组合调理剂中各成分对城市堆存污泥CST削减的影响大小表现为PAC>生石灰>秸秆粉末,PAC和生石灰主要通过吸附架桥或压缩双电子层作用促进结合水向自由水的转变,而秸秆对压滤过程中构建骨架结构起到重要作用;当PAC、生石灰和秸秆粉末添加量（干基比）分别为35%、20%、29%时,堆存污泥的泥饼含水率和CST均达到最优,分别为56.3%和47.9 s,且组合配方经济成本优势显著;脱水干化后的泥饼点燃温度相较原状污泥有所提高,秸秆粉末的添加保障了泥饼在焚烧过程中的可持续性燃烧,泥饼燃烧过程中最大燃烧失重速率（T_m）达到3.828%/min.研究显示,PAC-生石灰-秸秆粉末组合调理剂通过改变堆存污泥的化学性能和压滤性能增强了污泥深度脱水的效果,同时改善了干化泥饼的燃烧行为,对堆存污泥的减量化及焚烧处置具有重要意义.      

高压脉冲电解-压滤联合实现城市污泥深度脱水

设计了一种新型的聚丙烯/不锈钢绝缘复合电极及装置,采用高压脉冲电解-压滤联合处理城市污水厂离心污泥深度脱水,考察了脉冲电场强度、机械压力和处理时间对污泥脱水性能指标-比阻(SRF)和滤饼含水率的影响,并测定处理前后滤液中COD、胞外聚合物(EPS)和重金属离子的含量。结果表明:以7. 5 k V/cm电场强度,50 k Pa机械压力联合处理污泥15 min,污泥比阻由10. 8×10~(12)m/kg降低至4. 47×10~(12)m/kg,泥饼含水率由85. 60%降低至57. 83%;污泥滤出液蛋白质、多糖、SCOD浓度增大为原来的290. 2%、350. 1%、1070. 4%。高压脉冲电解-压滤法可有效破解污泥EPS并降低污泥含水率。     

超声-生物沥浸-氧化钙联合超高压压滤系统实现市政污泥深度脱水及其泥饼的毒性评估

本研究采用超声-生物沥浸-氧化钙调理联合超高压压滤系统对市政污泥进行深度脱水试验,探讨了其调理过程对污泥脱水效率的影响,并对调理后的脱水污泥的重金属含量及植物毒性进行评估.结果表明,经超声-生物沥浸-氧化钙调理后,比阻（SRF）去除率和结合水去除率分别达到90.12%和72.21%.经预调理联合超高压压滤系统处理后,泥饼含水率降低至49.94%,泥饼中Cr 、Cu、Cd、 Zn、As 和Pb的去除率分别为42.41%、36.50%、30.92%、27.97%、25.94%、22.11%,白菜发芽指数大于80%.通过分析污泥理化性质及滤液有机物含量,阐明该联合技术的作用机理.首先,超声预处理后,污泥结构被破坏,造成污泥粒径d_0.5减小、zeta电位上升,污泥中多糖和蛋白质被释放,从而改善脱水性能,促进污泥中重金属释放,植物毒性降低;经超声-生物沥浸调理后,污泥粒径d_0.5进一步减小、zeta电位趋近于中性,滤液中酪氨酸/色氨酸类氨基酸类有机物和酪氨酸/色氨酸类蛋白有机物被降解且疏水性的腐殖酸和富里酸类有机物含量升高,污泥脱水性能进一步提高,泥饼重金属含量进一步下降,但植物毒性反而加强;最后添加氧化钙后,污泥颗粒被重新絮凝,形成刚性骨架,增加了污泥的可压缩性能,在高压压滤过程释放出更多有机物,最终实现了污泥深度脱水,重金属总量减少,植物毒性显著降低.此外,经济分析表明该联合工艺具有一定潜在推广应用价值.     

Fenton-like试剂联合PFS对污泥脱水性能影响的过程研究

以泥饼含水率和污泥比阻为主要评价指标探究Fenton-like试剂(Co2+/H2O2)联合聚合硫酸铁(PFS)改善污泥脱水性能的可行性,并采用响应面法优化污泥脱水的条件;通过滤液中的SCOD、EPS、多糖和蛋白质以及Zeta电位、粒径等指标初步探讨其调理机制。结果表明:Fenton-like试剂联合PFS可以改善污泥的脱水性能,当pH为2.98,Co~(2+)、H_2O_2和PFS的投加量分别为10.44,59.45,48.63 mg/g时污泥的脱水性能最佳,此条件下泥饼含水率从原污泥的79.77%降至(63.12±0.5)%,污泥比阻从原污泥的1.17×10~(13)m/kg降至(5.32±0.29)×10~(12)m/kg。Fenton-like试剂处理后,污泥粒径达到最小,破坏污泥絮体结构释放了束缚水和细胞内部水。投加PFS后已破碎的污泥絮体重新再絮凝,形成更加密实的新絮体,提高了污泥的脱水性能;污泥粒径和Zeta电位同时增大,说明再絮凝过程是以电中和的机理为主导的。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.