遗传资源经济价值评价研究

初步建立了比较完整的遗传资源经济价值评估的框架、体系、平台，初步评估了人体基因、野生大豆、BT转基因棉的经济价值，为遗传资源市场化和国际遗传资源惠益分享提供科学依据，为进一步研究提供参考。     

遗传资源社会经济价值评估方法研究进展与评述

借助文献数据库和相关数据共享网络,从完整的遗传资源经济价值评估体系角度,对遗传资源价值分类和评估方法等进行综述,并进一步对遗传资源在区域社会经济发展中的国内外研究状况和存在问题进行分析,认为遗传资源对区域社会经济的发展具有突出贡献。当前国内外物种层次的遗传资源价值评估研究较少,与国外相比,我国遗传资源社会经济价值评估不够全面,评估对象大多是森林及森林公园,较少涉及其他层面。因而,如何形成一套更加科学完整的计量和评价体系、更好地开展遗传资源保护将成为今后的研究重点。     

甘肃省耕地资源转变为建设用地的价值损失评估

依据耕地资源具有的社会保障功能、生态系统服务功能和经济产出功能,初步建立耕地资源的价值评估体系,综合运用市场价值法、替代法、机会成本法和影子价格法等评价方法,估算了甘肃省12个市(州)2007年耕地转变为建设用地所导致的正面效应价值损失。结果表明,由于建设用地占用耕地造成的价值损失相当巨大,2007年全省建设所占用耕地的总面积为1 564.66 hm2,造成的价值损失多达95 904.09万元,各市(州)1 hm2土地的损失都超过了45万元。从价值损失的构成来看,损失的直接使用价值为45 712.77万元,间接使用价值达50 191.32万元。可以看出,耕地资源除为社会提供直接产品价值外,还有巨大的间接使用价值,而且这种价值对人类的贡献比农产品的产出价值更为显著。     

珍稀濒危动植物资源资产价值核算体系研究

珍稀濒危动植物资源是一项重要的自然资源资产类型,具有重要的科研、经济、观赏、生态等价值。就目前的管理实践来看,中国长期存在着珍稀濒危动植物资源保护和资源利用之间关系不明确和资源价值难以科学评估等问题。同时,作为一项重要自然资源资产账户,珍稀濒危物种尚未开展价值核算技术研究,给资产负债表填报及领导干部自然资源资产离任审计工作带来极大困难。文章首先在分析珍稀濒危物种质量评价体系现状资料基础上,构建了包括濒危程度、遗传状况、生长繁殖状况、物种价值4类代表性指标的质量评价体系;其次,在分析比较多种价值核算方法的基础上,依照国家发布的野生动物及其产品价格认定相关规则和标准,采用保护性支出法探寻珍稀濒危物种质量与价值之间的关系,建立了珍稀濒危物种资产实物量价值核算模型,从而构建形成珍稀濒危物种资源实物量价值核算体系。该研究创新性地将珍稀濒危物种资源质量与价格关系作为核算模型构建的出发点,以此突破资源数量决定资源价值的局限,将资源质量有效地反映到资源价值量中,从而更为系统、规范地与自然资源资产负债表体系相衔接。该研究可为自然资源资产负债表价值量填报及领导干部自然资源资产离任审计工作提供指导,也可为珍稀濒危动植物保护和管理提供技术支撑。     

一个改进的农业生产函数模型:兼论遗传资源对江苏省农业经济增长的贡献

遗传资源是农业生产中重要的投入要素,通过将遗传资源投入纳入C-D生产函数模型,并对2001—2007年江苏省农业生产经济数据进行分析,计算江苏省遗传资源及其他生产要素对农业经济增长的贡献率。结果表明,江苏省农业经济增长主要依赖于动物遗传资源投入和科技进步。与固定资产和劳动力投入要素相比,遗传资源对农业经济增长的整体贡献明显,其中动物遗传资源的贡献高于植物遗传资源。因此,江苏省应优化农业结构,提高遗传资源利用率,加大科技投入,推进农业现代化建设。     

生物物种资源的保护和利用价值评估——以江苏省为例

将生物物种资源的价值分为直接经济利用价值、研究与开发价值和生物物种资源保护价值,以江苏省为例,对保护和利用生物物种资源的价值进行评估。结果表明:在3次产业中,所有生物物种资源行业的总产值为9 829.89亿元.a-1,增加值为2 548.15亿元.a-1,占地区生产总值的16.43%。植物新品种权保护和利用为3次产业共新增总产值125.44亿元.a-1,生物物种资源持有人、研发机构、种子经销商、农民的收入之比为1.0∶5.3∶455.9∶6 265.4。基于生物物种资源的专利权保护和利用为农业和医药制造业新增总产值8.88亿元.a-1。全省野生生物物种资源的潜在经济利用价值为1 646.49亿元,生物物种资源对生态系统发挥服务功能产生的价值为1 613.54亿元.a-1。     

我国水生生物遗传资源保护现状与策略

我国水产品总产量连续30年高居世界首位,满足了国民30%的动物蛋白需求。水生生物遗传资源是水产优质蛋白有效供给的重要物质基础,更是未来世界应对食物短缺、保障食物安全的有效途径。水生生物遗传资源与物种多样性和遗传多样性直接相关,活体资源、标本资源、组织资源和基因资源是水生生物遗传资源收集保存和开发利用的主要形式。当前,水生生物种类数量急剧减少、精准鉴定尚未大规模开展、利用效率相对较低、保护设施不够完善等因素成为制约水生生物遗传资源高效开发的瓶颈。该文系统总结了我国水生生物遗传资源基本状况,分析了面临的主要问题,凝练了遗传资源保护的基本思路和总体目标,提出了加强水生生物遗传资源保护的发展战略和研究工作,以期为我国水生生物遗传资源强国建设提供借鉴和参考。     

农田生态系统服务功能研究进展

农田生态系统是人类社会存在和发展的基础,研究农田生态系统服务功能及其价值评估具有重要的意义.文章综述了国内外有关农田生态系统服务功能及其价值评估的研究进展;提出了农田生态系统服务功能的特点;将其服务功能类型划分为生产功能、生态功能和生活功能.分析了当前研究中存在的问题,如服务功能形成的微观机制及其参数研究欠缺;评价结果不准确;评价指标和方法有待完善等.因此,今后农田生态系统服务功能价值评估研究重点应着重于理论探索和方法完善方面,从农田生态系统微观形成机制入手,开展不同尺度和类型的农田生态系统功能价值评估研究,充分考虑影响其功能价值的因素,改进评估的手段、方法和技术,使评估结果更具可比性和实用性,为合理开发利用农业资源、管理农田生态系统,实现农业的永续发展提供理论依据和技术支持.     

居民为改善北京市大气环境质量的支付意愿研究

用意愿调查价值评估法分析了北京市居民为改善大气环境质量的支付意愿 ,评估大气质量改善的价值 ,并对这一方法在我国的应用进行探讨。结果显示 ,研究范围内的居民为 5年内降低目前大气污染物质浓度的 5 0 %而支付费用的平均支付意愿是 143元 /户·年 (1999年元 ) ,该区域内居民总的支付意愿是 3 .36亿元 /年 (1999年元 ) ,被调查者的家庭收入、教育水平、家庭人口数和年龄等社会经济变量对支付意愿有显著影响。最后 ,对意愿调查价值评估法在我国应用时存在的问题进行了初步探讨     

湿地服务价值评估的复杂性及研究进展

湿地服务价值评估具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。由于湿地具有类型多样、分布广泛和过程复杂等特点,湿地服务价值评估极具复杂性。主要表现为:湿地科学是一门年轻的科学,其过程与功能研究有待深入;对生态系统服务及其价值认识上还存在分歧;湿地服务价值研究具有多学科交叉的特点等。近年来,国内外湿地服务价值评估发展很快,取得了丰硕的研究成果,但也存在着一些问题与不足,如对湿地研究成果的利用不够充分;评估理论和方法有待完善;评估标准和评估结果差异较大等。因此,今后湿地服务价值评估研究应该将重点放在理论探索和方法完善方面,对应用研究加强引导和规范。从湿地生态系统过程与功能的机理入手,认真研究和改进湿地服务价值评估的手段、方法和技术,使湿地服务价值评估结果更具说服力、可比性和实用性,为湿地的科学管理,生态补偿机制的制定以及社会经济可持续发展提供有力支持。     

Exergetic assessment for ecological economic system: Chinese agriculture

Based on the thermodynamic concept of exergy as a unified measure for environmental resources and economic products, a framework for systems assessment is presented for ecological economies. With a typical systems diagram devised for a general ecological economy with four arm fluxes for free local natural resources, purchased economic investment, environmental impact and economic yield, system indices of the renewability index, exergy yield ratio, exergy investment ratio, environmental resource to yield ratio, system transformity and environmental stress index are defined for a congregated systems ecological assessment with essential implications to sustainability. As a detailed case study to the Chinese agriculture from 1980 to 2000 with cropping, forestry, stockbreeding and fishery sectors, extensive exergy account and systems assessment are carried out with emphasis on annual and structural variations against social political transitions. For the overall agriculture as a congregated ecological stage, the value of the system transformity is found around 10, the typical value for the general ecological hierarchy as well devised by Odum associated with Lindeman's Tenth Law.     

Assessing carrying capacities of coastal areas in France

This paper provides the methodological framework for carrying capacity assessment through a set of indicators, as implemented in a French case study. The approach aims to help the State and local governments of coastal areas facing population growth and important touristic flows to undergo a local development strategy that does not imperil their territorial strategic resources. This work shows how situations of dysfunction or saturation points have interlinked consequences on environmental, social and economic resources, justifying a crosswise assessment.     

完善生态影响评估 促进中国生态资源的保护

环境影响评估对减少工业和城市发展对环境的影响起到了一定的作用，但目前的环境影响评估工作比较重视发展项目对其周围水、气污染方面的评估，对自然资源影响的评估还未受到足够的重视，文章对生态影响评估的重要性及中国内地生态影响评估的现状进行了简要的讨论，并介绍了香港生态影响评估系统，以为我国同地生态影响评估工作的管理提供参考。     

Patterns of Genetic Diversity and Its Loss in Mammalian Populations

Abstract:  Policy aimed at conserving biodiversity has focused on species diversity. Loss of genetic diversity, however, can affect population persistence, evolutionary potential, and individual fitness. Although mammals are a well-studied taxonomic group, a comprehensive assessment of mammalian genetic diversity based on modern molecular markers is lacking. We examined published microsatellite data from populations of 108 mammalian species to evaluate background patterns of genetic variability across taxa and body masses. We tested for loss of genetic diversity at the population level by asking whether populations that experienced demographic threats exhibited lower levels of genetic diversity. We also evaluated the effect of ascertainment bias (a reduction in variability when microsatellite primers are transferred across species) on our assessment of genetic diversity. Heterozygosity did not vary with body mass across species ranging in size from shrews to whales. Differences across taxonomic groupings were noted at the highest level, between populations of marsupial and placental mammals. We documented consistently lower heterozygosity, however, in populations that had experienced demographic threats across a wide range of mammalian species. We also documented a significant ( p = 0.01) reduction in heterozygosity as a result of ascertainment bias. Our results suggest that populations of both rare and common mammals are currently losing genetic diversity and that conservation efforts focused above the population level may fail to protect the breadth of persisting genetic diversity. Conservation policy makers may need to focus their efforts below the species level to stem further losses of genetic resources.     

产业生态系统多尺度能值整合评价方法

能值分析方法为自然环境资源与人类社会、经济的统一评价提供了新的思路,但面对当今产业生态学发展的实践需求,在多尺度整合分析、动态模型构建等方面仍显薄弱,需要与经济学等其他学科相对成熟的分析方法与模型加以整合。文章以能值综合方法为核心介质,从成本分析与效果分析的整合、能值分析与区域经济分析的整合,以及能值分析表与投入-产出矩阵模型的整合三个方面进行了产业生态学的能值整合研究方法的具体构建,以促进能值理论方法与产业生态学研究需求的进一步耦合。     

The Northwest Forest Plan as a Model for Broad-Scale Ecosystem Management: a Social Perspective

Abstract:  I evaluated the Northwest Forest Plan as a model for ecosystem management to achieve social and economic goals in communities located around federal forests in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. My assessment is based on the results of socioeconomic monitoring conducted to evaluate progress in achieving the plan's goals during its first 10 years. The assessment criteria I used related to economic development and social justice. The Northwest Forest Plan incorporated economic development and social justice goals in its design. Socioeconomic monitoring results indicate that plan implementation to achieve those goals met with mixed success, however. I hypothesize there are two important reasons the plan's socioeconomic goals were not fully met: some of the key assumptions underlying the implementation strategies were flawed and agency institutional capacity to achieve the goals was limited. To improve broad-scale ecosystem management in the future, decision makers should ensure that natural-resource management policies are socially acceptable; land-management agencies have the institutional capacity to achieve their management goals; and social and economic management goals (and the strategies for implementing them) are based on accurate assumptions about the relations between the resources being managed and well-being in local communities. One of the difficulties of incorporating economic development and social justice goals in conservation initiatives is finding ways to link conservation behavior and development activities. From a social perspective, the Northwest Forest Plan as a model for ecosystem management is perhaps most valuable in its attempt to link the biophysical and socioeconomic goals of forest management by creating high-quality jobs for residents of forest communities in forest stewardship and ecosystem management work, thereby contributing to conservation.     

Assessing landscape values: a proposal for a multidimensional conceptual model

To evaluate a specific form of resource management, for example, the maintenance of valuable cultural landscapes, the contributions of many different viewpoints must be considered. In this paper, a model for assessing and integrating the different aspects contributing to landscape evaluation is proposed. Some results of its use in landscape assessment in the Madrid region (central Spain) are discussed.The model takes into account five assessment dimensions which are considered to be independent—the ecological, productive, economic, social and cultural evaluative systems and it recognises and assumes conflicts and trade-offs between these components. The inclusion of the production system as an independent assessment dimension is original and is justified because it is the link that connects the ecological and economic systems. Since this dimension acts most directly on the ecosystem, the production system includes the attribute of ecological or strong (in the sense of [For the Common Good, Beacon Press, Boston, 1994]) sustainability.The evaluation method places special emphasis on defining a conceptual framework, and from this defines scenarios in comparison with which particular development models (landscape planning, resources management) can be evaluated. Seven scenarios, coming from a hypothetical, traditional sustainable scenario of resources management, are defined. One of these, the sound sustainable scenario, is defended as the only one viable in the long term, particularly in developing countries.This method was employed to evaluate the agricultural and natural landscape of the Madrid region municipalities. The multivariate approach adopted was based on the selection of indicator sets for each evaluative dimension. The structure of relationships among indicators was then analysed separately for each dimension and values assigned to the municipalities according to their position on the main axes of the multivariate analyses. Each municipality was assigned to one of the seven development scenarios by means of discriminant analysis. The approach’s greatest assets are its flexibility in the selection of the indicators and the efficacy in its monitoring and comparison of the different analysed cases once a rigorous conceptual framework was established.The paper discusses the conditions for the sustainability of the human activities and provides a method for evaluating and comparing scenarios of resources management.     

Coastal livelihoods,poverty and well-being in Mexico. A case study of institutional and social constraints

The aim of this study is twofold. First, it explores the local discourses of poverty and well-being in a fishing community in Baja California Sur, Mexico. Second, the study examines the several constraints that fishers face for secure and sustainable livelihoods. The assessment used the sustainable livelihoods framework as analytical approach. The study concluded that poverty and marginalization in this fishing community is closely linked with institutional and social factors rather than to economics issues. The most severe constraints observed were corruption in the allocation of fishing licenses and permits, social exclusion and marginalization of new settlers and domestic violence associated with alcoholism and drug addictions. The current discourse that explains poverty exclusively in economic terms is discussed largely and confronted with empirical evidence. Finally, the study emphasizes the necessity to implement a marine protected area in the region, with the aim to preserve the marine resources as well as to establish a normative framework which guarantees transparency and justice in the resources allocation.     

软约束机制下的生态预算理论的问题及对策

在分权体制框架下,约束机制软化导致地方政府放大其自利性偏好,在一定程度上成为可持续发展的减项。表现为：在当前政府绩效考核的经济指标压力下扩大自然资源的投入;与资源消耗主体博弈的经济人行为导致不规范的环境资源分配,使环境目标和环境管理目标的实现呈现高成本特征;与中央政府相较的信息优势导致全局性的非理性资源的浪费等。生态预算是ICLEI参照财政预算的程序创建的促进环境资源有效配置和可持续管理的政府工具,其以强可持续发展为目标,采用实物指标度量环境资源在社会经济活动中的实际流量,强调约束支出控制,以保持环境资源全部价值在代内和代际间的平衡。我国在引进生态预算监督制约机制的路径选择及模式设计上,可能会出现因现实文化的惯性、双重代理机制、体制内监督等问题导致的生态预算约束软化,改进方向在于重视环境-经济-社会一体化考核的作用、确定合理的激励方式、由社会审计评价和监督生态预算执行,从而逐步走向制度完善的进程。