氮、磷等环境因子对太湖微囊藻与水华鱼腥藻生长的影响

为探索太湖主要水华藻类（微囊藻与水华鱼腥藻）在多种环境因子作用下的生长变化机理，在实验室内对部分水华藻类（微囊藻、鱼腥藻）进行分离培养，研究氮、磷、温度等环境因子对水华藻类生长增殖的影响。研究表明，高水温（30℃）是微囊藻的最适生长温度；随着氮、磷浓度的提高，微囊藻的生长速率加快；低磷是鱼腥藻生长的限制因子。同时，通过野外测定的各项指标发现，当藻类密度较低时，其与总氮、总磷呈正相关。     

联合多源光学和雷达遥感的巢湖水华长时序时空变化分析

以巢湖水华爆发现象为研究对象,利用多源光学遥感和全极化SAR遥感作为数据源,对研究区域2008—2017年的水华进行识别提取,定量和定性分析水华面积及区域位置的时空变化。结果表明:在时间上,每年二、三季度巢湖水华面积普遍高于一、四季度,总体上呈现年平均水华面积逐渐减小趋势,前五年的水华面积比后五年高。在空间上,巢湖西北部水华发生频率最高,西部水华比东部水华发生频率高,沿岸比湖中心发生频率高。巢湖水华整体呈现改善趋势。     

三峡库区大宁河2010年春季水华特征

以大宁河春季水华期间调查数据为基础,运用数理统计分析手段,通过描述大宁河春季水华期藻类及主要理化因子分布特征,揭示出影响藻类生长的主要因子。结果表明:大宁河春季水华期水华河段水体氮、磷含量较高,总氮浓度为1.2～4.11mg/L,平均值为1.748mg/L,总磷浓度为0.027～0.615mg/L,氮磷比均值为17.5。春季水华藻类适宜的光照强度为1400～3800lx,水温为13.0～14.0℃时叶绿素a含量有最大增长,平均水温为13.4℃,藻密度与总氮、总磷、水温、DO、pH、浊度、高锰酸盐指数呈显著正相关关系,与透明度呈负相关关系。回水河段流速小于0.05m/s,流速是藻类生长最主要的限制因子。大宁河回水河段春季水华藻类分布较广,主要有甲藻门、绿藻门、硅藻门、隐藻门、蓝藻门、裸藻门和黄藻门7门28属,其中甲藻门分布最广,其次是绿藻门。春季水华优势种主要有甲藻门的拟多甲藻,绿藻门的衣藻、小球藻,硅藻门的直链藻,蓝藻门的色球藻等。     

挺水植物化感作用抑制藻类生长的机理与应用

根据国内外挺水植物化感作用抑制藻类的研究,对菖蒲等15科20种挺水植物化感抑制水华鱼腥藻等18种水华藻类的作用予以评述;归纳了挺水植物化感作用在影响藻细胞亚显微结构、酶体系活性、呼吸作用、光合作用、细胞膜和细胞内小分子物质的含量等6方面的抑制藻类生长的机理;对移植栽种植物共培养、从植物中提取化感物质和直接施加化感物质等3种类型抑制藻类的应用方式进行概述;结合当前中国水华频发、抑藻和除藻任务繁重的现状,指出存在的主要问题并提出今后研究和应用化感作用抑制藻类的展望。     

水华蓝藻复苏的研究进展与水华预测

综合分析了当前国内外水华复苏的研究进展,确定了水华蓝藻复苏的定义,介绍了研究蓝藻复苏的方法,以及蓝藻复苏对水体中蓝藻种群生物量以及当年蓝藻水华形成的贡献,探索了驱动水华蓝藻复苏的环境因子。结合太湖的研究成果,阐述了研究水华蓝藻复苏在进行水华预测中的重要作用,并展望了未来研究的重点。     

三峡库区大宁河回水段水华暴发时空分布特征分析

对三峡库区一级支流大宁河巫山段2004年到2008年常规监测、水华期间加密监测以及单个测点水华垂线24小时监测数据进行了统计、分析及评价。结果发现,该河段水华暴发具有明显的时空分布特征,时间上,全年各月份均有出现,但主要集中在3～6月,占观测频次的79%;24小时内叶绿素a含量在下午16:00～18:00时间段内达到最大值;空间上,总体呈现出离入长江口越近暴发的频次越高,回水河湾较平直河道,宽阔河段较狭窄河段更重的趋势,主要集中在大宁河的开阔河段(小三峡三个峡谷之间及其上、下游开阔河段);24小时内水华垂线分布明显,0.5～5m的叶绿素a含量上层高于下层,水面下30m及以下区域叶绿素a含量变化不显著。     

滇池蓝藻水华监测预警平台设计

传统的人工监测无法实现大规模蓝藻的实时监测预警,该研究运用基于Python的ArcGIS Server自动发布地图服务、多元数据预警分析、人工水质监测数据预警分析等技术,以滇池为研究区,构建了水华预警系统。通过预警体系业务子系统和预警信息共享与发布子系统,结合滇池蓝藻水华监测预警综合数据库,实现了大规模蓝藻预警信息的实时生成、共享和发布,提出了地表变化动态监测预警的思路。系统建成后,通过对滇池流域生态红线预警范围内的地表覆盖变化情况监测,可及时发现导致水华发生的潜在陆源污染因素。同时配合排污点污染成分检测实现预警,从源头防止水华发生。     

巢湖水华遥感监测与年度统计分析研究

介绍了巢湖蓝藻水华的日常遥感监测方法与流程,开展了基于日常监测的年度统计分析,为水华环境管理提供了科学依据。首先分析了蓝藻水华与正常水体的光谱差异,利用蓝藻水华在近红外波段的"陡坡效应",基于NDVI方法开展水华日常遥感监测。基于日常监测开展水华年度统计分析,获得水华最早发生日期、最晚发生日期、最大发生面积等,并以水华发生频率、水华起始日期和水华持续时间来分析巢湖一年内高发区、发展趋势及持续时间等时空分布规律。研究表明,2010年巢湖水华的高发区域在巢湖西北部水域,水华持续天数最长的区域是巢湖西北和中部部分区域,水华先在西部沿岸聚集,随时间推移向东部和中部扩散,巢湖西南、中部和东南沿岸是最后新增的水华区域。     

典型湖泊水华特征及相关影响因素分析

通过2011-2015年对太湖、巢湖和滇池水华高发季节的连续监测，以藻类密度和水华面积为判据评价了3个湖体的水华情况及变化趋势，探讨了水华发生的主要影响因素。结果表明：太湖水华程度以"轻度水华"为主，巢湖水华程度以"轻微水华"为主，滇池水华程度以"中度水华"为主；太湖、巢湖和滇池水华规模均以"零星性水华"为主；太湖和巢湖藻类密度与水温、pH、溶解氧、总氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数均呈显著正相关，与透明度呈显著负相关，与氨氮无显著相关性；滇池藻类密度与水温、总磷和高锰酸盐指数均呈显著正相关，与透明度和氨氮呈显著负相关，与pH、溶解氧和总氮无显著相关性。     

贵州黔东南州三板溪水库春季拟多甲藻水华特征

2011年3月13日对贵州省黔东南州三板溪水库进行春季浮游植物调查的结果表明,三板溪水库Ⅱ号采样点(下革东)发生以佩纳形拟多甲藻为优势种的拟多甲藻水华,细胞密度高达1.15×10⁷cell/L;板溪水库总氮的最低值为2.09 mg/L,总磷的最低值为0.95 mg/L,三板溪水库的总氮、总磷含量较丰富,不存在总氮或总磷是限制性因子;通过SPSS16.0统计软件分别进行Pearson 积距相关系数分析表明,氮磷比是三板溪水库发生拟多甲藻水华的主要影响原因。     

杭州市大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃含量特征研究

按季节对杭州市大气细颗粒物PM2.5中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量在2006年进行了为期一年(样本数n=47)的测定分析.研究表明,杭州市大气PM2.5中PAHs总浓度为40.66ng/m3,以中环或高环为主,分别占总PAHs的32.23%和47.6%;云栖点位(位于风景名胜区内)PM2.5中PAHs浓度高于朝晖点位(位于商业居民混合区);季节变化呈现春季高,秋季低的特点;PM2.5中苯并[a]芘等效毒性(BEQ)为4.50;PM2.5中PAHs的来源不是单一的.     

Monitoring of ocean surface algal blooms in coastal and oceanic waters around India

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) sensor MODIS-Aqua provides an important tool for reliable observations of the changing ocean surface algal bloom paradigms in coastal and oceanic waters around India. A time series of the MODIS-Aqua-derived OSABI (ocean surface algal bloom index) and its seasonal composite images report new information and comprehensive pictures of these blooms and their evolution stages in a wide variety of events occurred at different times of the years from 2003 to 2011, providing the first large area survey of such phenomena around India. For most of the years, the results show a strong seasonal pattern of surface algal blooms elucidated by certain physical and meteorological conditions. The extent of these blooms reaches a maximum in winter (November–February) and a minimum in summer (June–September), especially in the northern Arabian Sea. Their spatial distribution and retention period are also significantly increased in the recent years. The increased spatial distribution and intensity of these blooms in the northern Arabian Sea in winter are likely caused by enhanced cooling, increased convective mixing, favorable winds, and atmospheric deposition of the mineral aerosols (from surrounding deserts) of the post-southwest monsoon period. The southward Oman coastal current and southwestward winds become apparently responsible for their extension up to the central Arabian Sea. Strong upwelling along this coast further triggers their initiation and growth. Though there is a warming condition associated with increased sea surface height anomalies along the coasts of India and Sri Lanka in winter, surface algal bloom patches are still persistent along these coasts due to northeast monsoonal winds, enhanced precipitation, and subsequent nutrient enrichment in these areas. The occurrence of the surface algal blooms in the northern Bay of Bengal coincides with a region of the well-known Ganges–Brahmaputra Estuarine Frontal (GBEF) system, which increases supply of nutrients in addition to the land-derived inputs triggering surface algal blooms in this region. Low density (initiation stage) of such blooms observed in clear oceanic waters southeast and northeast of Sri Lanka may be caused by the vertical mixing processes (strong monsoonal winds) and the occurrence of Indian Ocean Dipole events. Findings based on the analyses of time series satellite data indicate that the new information on surface algal blooms will have important bearing on regional fisheries, ecosystem and environmental studies, and implications of climate change scenarios.     

Multiple Effects of Environmental Factors on Algal Growth and Nutrient Thresholds for Harmful Algal Blooms: Application of Response Surface Methodology

Systematic understanding of the co-effects of environmental factors on phytoplankton proliferation can enable more effective control of harmful algal blooms in eutrophic lakes and reservoirs. A batch of statistically designed experiments using response surface methodology was recently conducted on mixed algae samples collected from Changtan Reservoir. The central composite designed response surface model was established to evaluate multiple effects of various physical and chemical factors (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, temperature, and light intensity) on algal density and chlorophyll a content. Analysis of variance indicated an excellent correlation between modeling results and experimental responses. Among the selected environmental variables, promotion of the interactive effects of nitrogen and phosphorus together with the optimum total nitrogen/phosphorus mass ratio (between 7.9 and 10.1) was determined to be the most significant stimulating parameter associated with algal blooming development dominated by non-nitrogen-fixing species. The favorable effects of strong illumination were shown to be greater than those of high temperature. The border values of total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations leading to a critical value of algal density under different water temperatures and light intensities could be predicted as nutrient loading thresholds for harmful algal blooms by our second-order polynomial regression model.     

太湖蓝藻水华暴发主要特征初析

太湖水体富营养化加剧引起了多方面的关注,针对近年实际监测结果,结合历年流域水环境质量的变化,初步归纳了当前太湖蓝藻水华暴发的地域特征、时间周期特点及主要水质指标的变化规律,总结了太湖蓝藻水华的暴发呈多峰形状态.2007年太湖沙渚水源地藻类生物量的两峰三阶段的特征进一步表明,太湖蓝藻水华的暴发进入了高频期.     

Dinoflagellate community structure from the stratified environment of the Bay of Bengal, with special emphasis on harmful algal bloom species

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been documented along the coasts of India and the ill effects felt by society at large. Most of these reports are from the Arabian Sea, west coast of India, whereas its counterpart, the Bay of Bengal (BOB), has remained unexplored in this context. The unique characteristic features of the BOB, such as large amount of riverine fresh water discharges, monsoonal clouds, rainfall, and weak surface winds make the area strongly stratified. In this study, 19 potentially harmful species which accounted for approximately 14% of the total identified species (134) of dinoflagellates were encountered in surface waters of the BOB during November 2003 to September 2006. The variations in species abundance could be attributed to the seasonal variations in the stratification observed in the BOB. The presence of frequently occurring HAB species in low abundance (≤ 40 cell L(?-1)) in stratified waters of the BOB may not be a growth issue. However, they may play a significant role in the development of pelagic seed banks, which can serve as inocula for blooms if coupled with local physical processes like eddies and cyclones. The predominance of Ceratium furca and Noctiluca scintillans, frequently occurring HAB species during cyclone-prone seasons, point out their candidature for HABs.     

基于BP神经网络的藻类水华预测模型研究

以宁波大学校内池塘2009年3—10月间30周的监测数据为基础,运用BP人工神经网络方法构建预测模型,探求颤藻生物量与总氮、总磷、透明度等6项环境因子之间的关系,选出最佳预测模型,并对模型进行敏感度分析。结果显示:①BP神经网络模型对颤藻生物量预测值与实测值之间拟合程度良好,相关系数达到了0.984,说明BP神经网络模型可以用于水体中藻类水华的短期预测。②通过对构建的BP神经网络模型进行敏感度分析,阐明了宁波大学校内池塘藻类水华的主要驱动因素,并指出控制水体的pH是宁波大学校内池塘藻类水华防治工作的重点。     

Estimation of greenhouse gas emission flux from agricultural lands of Khuzestan province in Iran

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment - No studies have been carried out on the benthic harmful algal blooms (BHABs) along the Strait of Gibraltar in the Mediterranean, and little is known about...     

微囊藻毒素-LR污染饮水的健康风险及其机制

水体富营养化导致藻类繁殖和水华暴发从而使得藻类释放大量藻毒素，已经演变成为严重的公共卫生问题之一。微囊藻毒素通过饮水严重危害动物和人类的健康安全，最主要的靶器官是肝脏，从而造成肝细胞功能缺陷，比如黄疸和磷酸化活性改变。这些毒性效应主要表现为对磷酸酶的抑制和蛋白磷酸酶活性的调节。综上，微囊藻毒素会造成组织结构损伤、凋亡，即使在低浓度下，也会影响细胞周期，导致肿瘤发生。