福州市山仔水库植被缓冲带建设研究

水源地生态系统在水分调节、水质净化等服务功能方面有更高的要求,水源地生态保护问题受到国家高度重视和社会各界的广泛关注。本研究根据福建省县级水源地分布情况及环境现状,选择典型、具有代表性的敖江流域内山仔水库周边植被缓冲带进行研究,分析植被缓冲带对地表径流泥沙、氮、磷的截留和消减效果．在此基础上提出植被缓冲带的建设管理和保护措施。本研究对于保护水源地水质,保障饮水安全和人民身体健康,促进资源的可持续利用和生态、环境的可持续保护有着重要的作用。     

福建省饮用水水源地环境现状及保护对策研究

文章通过对福建省不同类型集中式饮用水源地基本状况和水质现状进行分析,同时分析了饮用水源地工业污染点源、城镇生活污染源和非点源污染现状,针对污染现状分析了水质超标原因和存在的问题,最后提出不同类型饮用水源地保护对策,建议在湖库型水源地保护区及附近区域,建设"生态修复、生态治理、河岸缓冲带建设"三道防线,河流型水源地从加强内河整治力度、合理布局排污口、加强车辆运输管理、合理开发水利水电工程等方面出发,建设生态保护体系。     

滨岸缓冲带在水源地农业面源污染防治上的应用

饮用水水源地污染已成为全球共同遭遇的重大环境问题之一,为保证人们的饮用水安全,有必要对进入水源地内的农业面源污染进行防治。滨岸缓冲带能够有效的防治农业面源污染已经得到广泛的认可,并在水源地保护上有一定的应用前景。文章综述了缓冲带的定义、结构、功能以及农业面源污染防治方面的应用等基础上,提出了我国滨岸缓冲带在饮用水源地保护中的应用前景。     

徐州饮用水水源地水质评价分析

近年来徐州市水环境问题日益突出,饮用水水源地的水质状况较差,污染程度有加剧的趋势,因此急需加强水源地的研究和保护。本文根据徐州市不同年份的实测水质监测数据,应用加权平均法与内梅罗指数法分析了地表水、地下水的水环境质量状况,提出了解决水资源危机以及饮用水源地的安全保护研究措施,结论对于徐州市饮用水水源的保护具有重要的指导意义。     

锡林郭勒盟城镇饮用水水源地现状及保护对策

饮用水源地保护是一项非常重要的工作,直接关系到饮用水水质的安全和人民群众的身体健康。从保护锡林郭勒盟饮用水水源地环境的角度出发,对锡林郭勒盟12个旗县市的13个集中式城镇饮用水水源地环境现状进行了调查研究,在全面分析锡林郭勒盟城镇饮用水水源地环境现状及存在问题的基础上,提出了保护锡林郭勒盟饮用水水源地的设想和办法.对推动锡林郭勒盟饮用水水源地环境保护工作进程,改善饮用水源地环境质量提供有力措施。     

江苏省地级以上城市饮用水水源地环境状况调查、评估与管理对策研究

水是人类生存的基本需求,饮用水水源保护是保障人民身体健康的头等大事,也是水污染防治工作的重点任务之一.本文对2011年江苏省地级以上城市29个集中式饮用水源地基本情况调查的结果进行了归纳总结,评价了水源地水质现状.结果表明,全省23个河流型饮用水水源地水质以Ⅱ、Ⅲ类为主,湖库型水源地水质处于中营养轻度富营养化状态,地下水型水源地水质全部达到Ⅲ类标准.本文也分析了水源地水质超标原因、饮用水源地保护工作中存在的问题和困难,最后提出了不同类型水源地的环境保护对策和建议.     

黑龙江省饮用水水源地环境现状及污染防治对策研究

为了贯彻党中央、国务院的文件精神,保障人民群众饮用水安全,黑龙江省开展了饮用水源地基础环境调查与评估工作。调查结果表明,黑龙江省县级以上政府所在城镇共有178个饮用水源地,其中河流型18个,湖库型23个,地下水型137个。河流型和湖库型饮用水源地水质达标率为100％。地下水类型饮用水源地有50个未达标,占地下水类型水源地总数的36％。水源地保护区中工业废水排放量1755．43万吨／年,城镇生活废水排放量2999．66万吨/年,非点源废水排放量38618．46万吨／年。掌握了黑龙江省饮用水源地环境状况和污染状况,制定了不同类型饮用水源地的污染防治对策。推动了饮用水源保护工作的全面开展,提高了黑龙江省的饮用水安全保障水平。     

贵州省城市饮用水源地保护的现状及建议

饮用水源地的安全稳定与人民群众的生命健康、国民经济的持续发展和社会的稳定息息相关,做好饮用水源地的环境保护工作是保障城市社会经济持续健康发展的重要内容。本文以贵州省城市饮用水源地保护调查为依托,提出了饮用水源地保护存在的问题、建议,为有效地保护饮用水源,改善饮用水,完善区域水源地水资源环境管理理论体系,优化水源地管理提供科学依据。     

重庆市农村饮用水源地水生态修复措施研究

在社会经济迅猛发展的新时期,水资源的开发和利用被赋予了越来越高的关注,农村饮用水源地作为农村水资源的源头,加大开发力度具有特定的必要性,但水源地的开发势必会对生态环境造成一定的影响,做好饮用水源地水生态修复工作也就成为了确保水源地水质量乃至于当地人们生活质量的重要举措。就重庆市农村饮用水源地开发建设现状来看,大体可分为几大部分即城周水质净化景观维护区,渝西农业面源污染防治区、三峡库区水土保持水质保护区、秦巴山区水源涵养区和渝东南水土保持生态保护区。对于饮用水源地水生态的修复,需要根据不同的区域从不同的方位进行修复,修复模式主要包括水源涵养保护、污染的综合防治以及对生态景观的保护。本文即浅谈重庆市农村饮用水源地水生态修复措施。     

崂山区饮用水源地水质现状分析及污染防治对策

水源地污染治理是保障城市饮水安全的重要途径。本文调查分析崂山区饮用水源地环境现状,采用水质评价和富营养化评价对崂山区饮用水源地进行了水质综合评价,并对饮用水源地的污染治理提出了建议对策。本研究可为类似地区水源地污染物控制管理提供参考。     

Runoff and dissolved organic carbon loss from a paired-watershed study of three adjacent agricultural Watersheds

Organic matter plays several important roles in the biogeochemistry of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems including the mobilization and transport of nutrients and pollutants. Cropping, tillage practices and vegetative buffer strip installation affect losses of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). While many studies show reductions in pollutant export from agroecosystems where vegetative buffers have been implemented, buffer strips may be a source of DOC and contribute to surface water pollution. Using a paired-watershed approach, the objectives of this study were to determine the effect of grass and agroforestry buffers on runoff and DOC loss, compare runoff and DOC losses between the growing and fallow seasons, and investigate crop effects on runoff and DOC losses. The study design consisted of three small agricultural Watersheds in a no-till, maize-soybean rotation located in the claypan region of northeast Missouri, USA; one watershed was planted with grass buffer strips, one with agroforestry buffer strips, and one unaltered watershed served as the control. Runoff and DOC loss were measured during a six-year calibration period (1991–1997) prior to buffer installation and for a nine-year treatment period (1997–2006). The grass buffer strips significantly decreased runoff by 8.4% (p = 0.015) during the treatment period while the agroforestry buffer system exhibited no significant change in runoff (p = 0.207). Loss of DOC was not significantly affected by grass or agroforestry buffer installation (p = 0.535 and p = 0.246, respectively). Additionally, no significant difference in runoff or DOC loss was found between crops (maize and soybean) or between seasons (growing and fallow). Overall, this study indicates that grass buffer systems are effective at reducing runoff and that DOC contamination of surface waters is not exacerbated by either type of vegetative buffer strip.     

Environmental and economic assessment of biomass sourcing from extensively cultivated buffer strips along water bodies

Buffer strips represent oblong land elements along water bodies playing an important role for the water quality management of the surface water. In the policy context buffer strips are referred to as land with defined farming restrictions aiming at protecting the water course. In the current EU agricultural policy framework the majority of the decisions regarding subsidy schemes for buffer strips is taken on the member country level, which results in great differences between the EU members with regard to this water protection measure. If incentives for farmers for establishing and maintaining buffer strips are in place, they are usually linked to the harvest ban on the buffer strip. Such protection model can be endangered by volatile and rising prices for agricultural products. However, buffer strip can represent a valuable source of different ecosystem services, including biomass provision. If harvesting under certain restrictions would be allowed, the biomass could generate additional revenue that might contribute to securing buffer strips existence and consequently maintaining their protection function.This study aimed at assessing the costs and environmental consequences of biomass mobilizing from buffer strips. It dealt with different scenarios of biomass sourcing from extensively cultivated buffer strips in the Netherlands. In 12 scenarios, the cultivation of grass or cereal mixes (including multiple harvesting or perennial cultivation) for different valorisation chains (ensiling or fodder & bedding) was assessed. Both total net cultivation costs as well as the hectare based environmental performance (using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology) were evaluated. Additionally, the environmental impact of electricity production through anaerobic digestion of biomass from buffer strips was compared with the impact from digestion of classic grass silage and the impact profile of Dutch electricity mix.The results indicate ensiling as the scenario generating more net costs and higher environmental impacts as compared to fodder & bedding. In the latter, the cereal cultivation represents a better solution from economic perspective, while grass shows lower environmental impacts. Moreover, optimizing grass cultivation through switching to perennial mode contributes to strong improvements of the economic performance and contributes to additional reduction of environmental impacts, and consequently delivers the best environmental and economic solution. Moreover, the comparison with the Dutch electricity mix shows that biomass from buffer strips, if used in anaerobic digestion, can, in terms of environmental performance, compete with classic silages and contribute to reduced environmental damage.     

农田氮素流失对水环境污染及防治研究进展

氮是造成水体富营养化的主要元素之一，农田氮素流失是水环境氮污染的主要来源。文章从农田氮素对水环境污染途径、氮污染控制模型、污染控制措施等方面对当前国内外水环境氮污染防治进行概述。综合国内外农田氮流失污染防治措施的成功经验提出：加强农田养分管理，利用平衡施肥技术，推广施用控释、缓释肥料，改进施肥方式，从污染源头控制和减少氮素流失；同时，充分利用生态工程技术，建立人工湿地、植被过滤带、多水塘系统，改变或切断氮污染物的传播途径是控制农田氮素对水环境污染的有效措施。     

植被缓冲带径流渗流水量分配及氮磷污染物去除定量化研究

利用构建的缓冲带现场试验基地和设计的径流流量测定装置,对植被缓冲带滞缓径流和农田氮磷污染物去除能力开展定量化试验研究.结果表明,植被缓冲带有效滞缓了径流速度,并显著提高了缓冲带土壤的水力渗透能力,19m长的百慕大、高羊茅、白花三叶草缓冲带径流出水时间分别是空白对照的2.46倍、1.72倍和2.03倍,渗流水量分别是空白对照的3.01倍、2.16倍和2.45倍;植被缓冲带能有效去除农田径流氮磷污染物,百慕大、高羊茅、白花三叶草缓冲带对NH4+-N、TN、TP的总去除率分别比空白对照提高了237%、268%和274%;植被缓冲带渗流对氮磷污染物的去除能力显著高于径流,渗流水量越大,缓冲带氮磷污染物的总去除率和单位面积去除负荷越高,试验各植被缓冲带TN、NH4+-N、TP渗流去除量与径流去除量的比值分别达到2.79、2.02和2.83.     

Comparison of riparian plant communities under four land management systems in southwestern Wisconsin

Riparian plant community composition is influenced by moisture, erosion, original native plant communities, and current and past land use. This study compared riparian plant communities under four types of management: woody buffer strip, grassy buffer strip, rotational grazing, and continuous grazing. Study sites were located along spring-fed streams in the unglaciated region of southwestern Wisconsin, USA. At each site, plant community surveys were conducted using a point transect method. Among the treatments, woody buffer strips, rotationally grazed and continuously grazed riparian areas had greater plant species richness than grassy buffer strips, and woody buffer strips had the greatest native plant species richness. Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) was prevalent in grassy buffer strips (44% of all observations), common in woody buffer strips (15%), and rare in sites that were rotationally or continuously grazed (3 and 5%, respectively). Pasture sites had greater proportions of native grasses and grass relatives and moderate levels of overall native species richness. Considered a water quality best management practice, well-managed rotational grazing may be a reasonable alternative to buffer strips which can contribute to protection and enhancement of native vegetation biodiversity.     

不同降雨特征下缓冲带水分及TN分配规律

以3种典型植被缓冲带为研究对象,基于现场监测、质量平衡、相关分析等方法,探明缓冲带水分分配与降雨、土壤因子的关联性,确定水分及总氮(TN)污染负荷去除分配系数.结果表明,径流与降雨量呈高度正相关(0.980～0.987,P<0.01),渗流与降雨量、降雨历时呈显著正相关(0.595～0.828,P<0.01).植被缓冲...     

河岸草本缓冲带对模拟径流中污染物的净化

选择华北地区3种常见草本植物——狗牙根、虎尾草和天堂草,通过人工配水模拟地表径流,在北京潮白河河岸设置径流试验,研究河岸带宽度、水力负荷和进水浓度对不同缓冲带截污能力的影响。结果表明:模拟径流中污染物均随缓冲带沿程距离增加有降低趋势,且前段下降较快,后段下降逐渐趋缓。SS的去除主要发生在沿程前3 m,TP和COD的去除主要发生在前6 m,TN的去除主要发生在9 m以内。若缓冲带的宽度设置受限,为保证一定的截污效果,宽度不应小于9 m。狗牙根、虎尾草和天堂草缓冲带在沿程15 m处对NH_4~+-N的去除率分别为50.6%、32.0%和40.4%,总体上狗牙根和天堂草对N、P的去除能力优于虎尾草。不同水力负荷和进水浓度下,草本缓冲带均能有效截留径流中的SS,去除率均在70%以上,而NH_4~+-N的去除受进水浓度的影响较大。由于模拟径流中NO_3~--N和溶解性磷(DP)进水浓度低于1 mg/L,缓冲带对两者的去除效果较差,特别是虎尾草缓冲带,出现了出水浓度高于进水的情况。     

不同草皮缓冲带对径流污染物的去除效果试验研究

选择上海地区常见的5种草皮植被,利用自行设计的试验装置构建草皮缓冲带,模拟上海地区农业面源污染和降雨特征,进行缓冲带污染物净化效果试验研究。结果表明,草皮的存在明显提高缓冲带对污染物的净化效果,并且能增强缓冲带土壤的渗透能力;百慕大缓冲带对径流SS的截留能力最强,平均去除率达到71.86%;草皮缓冲带对渗流水营养物质的净化效果明显高于径流,渗流水TN、TP平均去除率以白花三叶草最高,分别为58.27%和60.49%;综合考虑降雨特征和污染物净化效果等因素,百慕大、白花三叶草和高羊茅等3种草皮,可以作为上海地区缓冲带草皮植被的优先选择种类。     

官厅水库库滨带非点源污染控制效应的遥感分析

选取官厅水库库滨带为研究区域,应用SPOT5遥感数据对其结构进行了解析,建立了高分辨率的Quick Bird遥感数据与SPOT数据的尺度转化关系,对SPOT信息提取结果进行了校核,以提高SPOT卫星对库滨带结构的解译精度;最后结合点上的实验结果对流域尺度上的库滨带的环境效益进行了分析.研究结果表明:(1)官厅水库陆相库滨带的结构不利于非点源污染的防治,应该适当增加林地的比例,同时提高林地、草地的植被覆盖度;(2)按照官厅水库流域非点源区年均TN量为188.1×104 t、TP量为101.2×104 t计算,库岸库滨带对TN、TP的去除率分别为11.6%和0.4%;(3)为了有效地防止官厅水库流域的非点源污染,必须加强水库流域的农业管理和库岸库滨带的科学建设与管理.