哈尔滨市利民经济技术开发区生态工业建设研究

哈尔滨市是国家“一五“时期重点布局建设的老工业基地城市之一,长期以来受“先发展,后治理“观念的影响,在工业发展、城市建设中留下许多遗憾和欠账.随着“工业强市“战略的提出,哈尔滨市迎来了二次工业化浪潮,也迎来了发展生态工业的最佳时期.因此,适时导入循环经济和工业生态学理念,以利民经济技术开发区为生态工业建设示范园区,是探索哈尔滨市经济园区生态工业建设的有益尝试.     

城市湿地的生态环境保护问题探讨--以哈尔滨市为例

城市湿地存在于城市区域内或城市边缘地带,与城市的形成和发展息息相关,其生态功能不同于自然湿地。近年来,由于受到人类活动的干扰,城市湿地面临湿地面积缩小、生态系统变脆弱、水体环境受污染、生物多样性被破坏等生态环境保护问题。在调研哈尔滨市城市湿地公园现状的基础上,以哈尔滨市为例,阐述城市湿地的作用和价值,归纳分析了城市湿地主要的生态环境保护问题,提出了哈尔滨市开发建设中加强城市湿地生态环境保护的建议。     

生态城市经济发展战略的新选择

经过全面完成“小变”、“中变”任务和“大变”工作的初步启动，广州市在城市规划建设上已初步展现出基于“云山珠水”上形成的“山、城、田、海”生态城市的迷人魅力。但是目前的生态城市建设，仍然是偏重于生态学和城市规划的单一子系统的单一性建设，而生态城市的建设是一个综合系统工程，必须采取行政、法制、技术等多种手段，特别是对生态环境影响最大的经济手段，以实现城市经济和社会向着生态化方向转化，从而保证城市生态环境的良性循环。在美国、日本、德国等发达国家，基于可持续发展理念的生态循环经济已成为政府追求经济社会和谐发展的一种全新战略选择，本文试图结合广州市生态城市建设的实际，谈谈广州在生态城市建设中如何发展生态循环经济的问题。     

土地利用的生态规划：以天津市中心区为例

本文旨在建立一套适宜的城市土地利用生态规划的原则与方法，分析天津市区各种土地利用类型的生态适宜性；帮助当地决策者制定具体的生态对策，以促进城市的发展，改善居民的生活质量；为决策得因工业和居住区要而引起的环境问题提供一条新途径。     

探索基于中国国情的资源型城市高质量发展路径——写在专辑刊发之后的话

<正>资源型城市和地区是依托本地矿产、森林等自然资源开采加工和资源型产品生产输出为主要职能的城市和特殊类型区域。作为中国资源能源供应的主体和基础工业的主要集聚区,其在保障国家能源安全和社会主义现代化建设方面都贡献了重要力量。但因资源依赖性,资源型城市（地区）往往陷入“因资源而兴、受资源所困”的“资源诅咒”。放眼中外,资源型城市的转型发展一直是世界性难题,西方国家的经验表明,资源型城市转型是一个漫长的过程,无法一蹴而就。党的“二十大”报告提出,“高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务”,要“加快构建新发展格局,着力推动高质量发展”。     

把哈尔滨市建设成为可持续发展生态城市的研究

对国内生态城市的建设进行了深入的调研 ,根据生态城市建设和管理方式的要求 ,分析了哈尔滨市建设生态城市的有利条件和潜在的优势 ,提出了生态城市建设的总体思路、目标步骤和主要指标体系 ,制订了建设可持续发展的生态城市的基本原则、任务和保护措施。     

生态工业园区发展的SWOT分析

生态工业园区是工业发展与循环经济实践的最佳结合点。在中国生态工业因区发展政策逐步完善、产业链的多样性及可持续发展、循环经济等崭新的理论作为生态工业固区发展的理论支撑。但也存在诸如法律法规尚不完善、缺乏实施性强的制度、指标和规范、理论研究不够深刘等不利因素,阻碍生态工业因区发展的进程。本文引入SWOT分析方法,旨在找出中国生态工业因区发展的优势和劣势,对其进行分析,并提出生态工业园区发展的科学对策。     

哈尔滨市水环境保护问题的对策建议

本文通过对哈尔滨市水环境状况的调查研究，针对哈尔滨市在松花江(哈尔滨段)水污染防治、饮用水水源地保护、水资源合理利用、城市生活污水处理厂建设以及马家沟景观用水等方面存在的问题，提出了一些合理化建议，对哈尔滨市加强水环境监督管理，改善水环境质量，建设生态城市将起到一定的推动作用。     

武汉经开区国家生态工业园区建设规划研究

武汉经济技术开发区(武汉经开区)以武汉城市圈两型社会建设和中英节能环保示范园区建设为契机,率先在湖北省进行了国家生态工业示范园区建设。文章对武汉经开区现状进行了概述,介绍了武汉经开区国家生态工业示范园区建设规划总体思路和总体框架,提出了园区发展汽车及零部件产业、电子电器、造纸印刷包装、食品饮料等重要产业的工业生态规划,同时提出了园区污染物控制和循环利用规划,并提出了建设规划完成的一系列保障措施。     

伊春：一个新型森林生态旅游城市的崛起

党的十七大首次把“生态文明”写入政治报告,充分体现了党中央对保护生态环境、建设生态良好社会的高度重视,是建设和谐社会理念在生态与经济发展方面的升华。伊舂作为全国重要的生态安全保障区之一,在我国生态系统中的地位举足轻重。近年来,伊春市委、市政府坚持“生态立市”、“产业兴市”的总体发展战略,突出抓好严管资源、停伐红松、林权制度改革、资源型城市经济转型、生态园林城市建设等几件大事,     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.