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1.
With record-breaking tourist visits in Kenya in 2005–2006, communities near the country’s renowned protected areas must undertake
or revisit planning efforts to conserve and enhance the region’s natural, social, and economic resources. This article examines
the differences between two stakeholder groups in the Samburu region of central Kenya: (1) protected area leadership and staff;
and (2) members of the communities adjacent to the protected areas. Based on the results and analysis of 30 in-depth interviews,
the authors identify differences between protected area staff and their community members regarding perceptions about communication
between the two groups, and the economic benefits of tourism. The different stakeholders agreed, however, about challenges
related to equitable distribution of tourism-based employment and revenue. The results indicate a need to reach consensus
about what constitutes sufficient communication between national reserves and their community, and to what extent tourism-related
revenue and employment should be distributed within the region. A discussion of the potential role of indicators and standards
to make such decisions is presented. 相似文献
2.
Chapple RS Ramp D Bradstock RA Kingsford RT Merson JA Auld TD Fleming PJ Mulley RC 《Environmental management》2011,48(4):659-674
Effective management of large protected conservation areas is challenged by political, institutional and environmental complexity
and inconsistency. Knowledge generation and its uptake into management are crucial to address these challenges. We reflect
on practice at the interface between science and management of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area (GBMWHA), which
covers approximately 1 million hectares west of Sydney, Australia. Multiple government agencies and other stakeholders are
involved in its management, and decision-making is confounded by numerous plans of management and competing values and goals,
reflecting the different objectives and responsibilities of stakeholders. To highlight the complexities of the decision-making
process for this large area, we draw on the outcomes of a recent collaborative research project and focus on fire regimes
and wild-dog control as examples of how existing knowledge is integrated into management. The collaborative research project
achieved the objectives of collating and synthesizing biological data for the region; however, transfer of the project’s outcomes
to management has proved problematic. Reasons attributed to this include lack of clearly defined management objectives to
guide research directions and uptake, and scientific information not being made more understandable and accessible. A key
role of a local bridging organisation (e.g., the Blue Mountains World Heritage Institute) in linking science and management
is ensuring that research results with management significance can be effectively transmitted to agencies and that outcomes
are explained for nonspecialists as well as more widely distributed. We conclude that improved links between science, policy,
and management within an adaptive learning-by-doing framework for the GBMWHA would assist the usefulness and uptake of future
research. 相似文献
3.
Paul Dorfman Clare Beattie Frank Burnet David Gibbs James Longhurst Emma Weitkamp 《Local Environment》2013,18(4):399-419
Abstract There exists a clear imperative across the EU and within the UK towards the enhanced integration of community knowledge in environmental and health decision-making processes. The underlying social force that underpins this dynamic is the drive for a more accountable, transparent and publicly acceptable decision-making arena. However, relatively little research has been undertaken on the evaluation of local air quality management consultation in particular. In this context, the paper presents an evaluation of evidence resulting from questionnaire survey and case study research undertaken in the first round of the statutory process of local air quality management (LAQM), in which local authorities are required to consult on their air quality findings and intentions. We suggest that local authority perceptions of the relative abilities of differing stakeholders' grasp of air quality science, the process that translates that science into policy, and the institutional and organizational status of stakeholders (i.e. whether they are statutory or non-statutory stakeholders) may tend to transitively determine the choice of consultation methods used, the communication strategies chosen and the relative integration of stakeholder feedback into the LAQM decision-making process. In order to interrogate this potentially problematic chain of risk communication events, a preliminary conceptual model has been developed to enable the interrogation of the pathways through, and the obstacles to, the translation of air quality knowledge. The task is to unveil the sequential chains of association that comprise the LAQM risk communication process. 相似文献
4.
Representative Landscapes in the Forested Area of Canada 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Canada is a large nation with forested ecosystems that occupy over 60% of the national land base, and knowledge of the patterns
of Canada’s land cover is important to proper environmental management of this vast resource. To this end, a circa 2000 Landsat-derived
land cover map of the forested ecosystems of Canada has created a new window into understanding the composition and configuration
of land cover patterns in forested Canada. Strategies for summarizing such large expanses of land cover are increasingly important,
as land managers work to study and preserve distinctive areas, as well as to identify representative examples of current land-cover
and land-use assemblages. Meanwhile, the development of extremely efficient clustering algorithms has become increasingly
important in the world of computer science, in which billions of pieces of information on the internet are continually sifted
for meaning for a vast variety of applications. One recently developed clustering algorithm quickly groups large numbers of
items of any type in a given data set while simultaneously selecting a representative—or “exemplar”—from each cluster. In
this context, the availability of both advanced data processing methods and a nationally available set of landscape metrics
presents an opportunity to identify sets of representative landscapes to better understand landscape pattern, variation, and
distribution across the forested area of Canada. In this research, we first identify and provide context for a small, interpretable
set of exemplar landscapes that objectively represent land cover in each of Canada’s ten forested ecozones. Then, we demonstrate
how this approach can be used to identify flagship and satellite long-term study areas inside and outside protected areas
in the province of Ontario. These applications aid our understanding of Canada’s forest while augmenting its management toolbox,
and may signal a broad range of applications for this versatile approach. 相似文献
5.
Maintenance of Forest Biodiversity in a Post-Soviet Governance Model: Perceptions by Local Actors in Lithuania 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Successful biodiversity conservation does not depend on ecologic knowledge alone. Good conservation policies and policy implementation
tools are equally important. Moreover, the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of local actors, directly in charge of operations
in the field, are a key to successful policy implementation. The connections between policy objectives and their implementation
as well as the involvement of local actors’ efforts in implementing policy objectives largely depend on the governance model
in use. This article assesses the knowledge of local actors in relation to the biodiversity conservation objectives and tools
in Lithuanian forest management. As a main framework for this study, the needs assessment approach was applied. The study
used both in-depth open-ended interviews and follow-up telephone interviews. Two state forest enterprises in Lithuania were
selected as the study sites. The findings indicate that policy objectives in the field of forest biodiversity conservation
and the related tools are well known but not well understood by those in charge of forest biodiversity policy implementation.
To improve the situation, a transition toward adaptive learning and participatory governance as a means of facilitating conservation
efforts is proposed. 相似文献
6.
The ability of an organisation to recognise the value of new external information, acquire it, assimilate it, transform, and
exploit it, namely its absorptive capacity (AC), has been much researched in the context of commercial organisations and even
applied to national innovation. This paper considers four key AC-related concepts and their relevance to public sector organisations
with mandates to manage and conserve freshwater ecosystems for the common good. The concepts are the importance of in-house
prior related knowledge, the importance of informal knowledge transfer, the need for motivation and intensity of effort, and
the importance of gatekeepers. These concepts are used to synthesise guidance for a way forward in respect of such freshwater
management and conservation, using the imminent release of a specific scientific conservation planning and management tool
in South Africa as a case study. The tool comprises a comprehensive series of maps that depict national freshwater ecosystem
priority areas for South Africa. Insights for implementing agencies relate to maintaining an internal science, rather than
research capacity; making unpublished and especially tacit knowledge available through informal knowledge transfer; not underestimating
the importance of intensity of effort required to create AC, driven by focussed motivation; and the potential use of a gatekeeper
at national level (external to the implementing organisations), possibly playing a more general ‘bridging’ role, and multiple
internal (organisational) gatekeepers playing the more limited role of ‘knowledge translators’. The role of AC as a unifying
framework is also proposed. 相似文献
7.
Research results in environmental and socio-economic sciences are often under-used by stakeholders involved in the management
of natural resources. To minimise this gap, the FP6 EU interdisciplinary project AquaTerra (AT) developed an end-users’ integration
methodology in order to ensure that the data, knowledge and tools related to the soil–water-sediment system that were generated
by the project were delivered in a meaningful way for end-users, thus improving their uptake. The methodology and examples
of its application are presented in this paper. From the 408 project deliverables, 96 key findings were identified, 53 related
to data and knowledge, and 43 describing advanced tools. River Basin Management (RBM) stakeholders workshops identified 8
main RBM issues and 25 specific stakeholders’ questions related to RBM which were classified into seven groups of cross-cutting
issues, namely scale, climate change, non-climatic change, the need for systemic approaches, communication and participation,
international and inter-basin coordination and collaboration, and the implementation of the Water Framework Directive. The
integration methodology enabled an assessment of how AT key findings meet stakeholders’ demands, and for each main RBM issue
and for each specific question, described the added-value of the AT project in terms of knowledge and tools generated, key
parameters to consider, and recommendations that can be made to stakeholders and the wider scientific community. Added value
and limitations of the integration methodology and its outcomes are discussed and recommendations are provided to further
improve integration methodology and bridge the gaps between scientific research data and their potential uptake by end-users. 相似文献
8.
Investigation into local peoples’ perceptions can produce useful information that could be incorporated into the decision-making
process to help resolve environmental problems. Within the arena of land degradation, a number of studies have also been conducted
to explore local peoples’ views of the problem. However, the perceptions of land-degrading practices of the general public
have so far not been actively solicited. This study aimed to contribute to this area of research by adopting the psychometric
scaling technique to empirically explore the lay public’s ecological risk perceptions of land-degrading activities in Minqin
County in Gansu Province, northern China. The primary data were collected via a questionnaire survey (n = 1,138) administered between 14 and 31 December 2002. The major findings of the survey were: (1) Respondents perceived the
ecological risks posed by different land-degrading activities to be different. (2) There was a considerable incongruence in
the way in which mining of groundwater was conceived by experts and laymen, respectively. (3) Respondents were pretty unsure
of expert knowledge. (4) Respondents’ ecological risk perceptions were significantly affected by their personal attributes.
As far as the policy implications of these findings are concerned, this study accentuates that we must be aware of, and involved
in, the environmental perceptions of the lay public in order to succeed in guiding any human-environment tensions along more
sustainable trajectories and navigating the transition to sustainability. 相似文献
9.
Karoliina Pilli-Sihvola Bob van Oort Inger Hanssen-Bauer Markku Ollikainen Markku Rummukainen Heikki Tuomenvirta 《Local Environment》2015,20(4):510-524
This paper assesses the communication and the use of climate scenarios at the science–science and science–policy interface in Finland, Sweden and Norway. It is based on document analysis and stakeholder questionnaires. The questionnaires targeted three stakeholder groups, all engaged in the communication and the use of climate scenario information: climate scenario producers; impact, adaptation and vulnerability (IAV) experts; and policy-makers. The respondents were asked to identify issues associated with the communication of scenarios and other needs pertaining to the usefulness and availability of such information. Despite the relatively long history of climate change adaptation in the three countries, climate scenarios are not utilised to their full potential. Climate scenarios have been used in awareness raising, problem understanding and strategy development. However, far less examples can be found on adaptation actions, particularly on harnessing the benefits of climate change. The communication between climate scenario producers and IAV experts functions well; however, communication between climate researchers and policy-makers is less efficient. Each country has developed boundary services to enhance dissemination of the climate scenario information to policy-makers. They are cost-efficient but do not necessarily enhance the comprehension of the information and encourage the actual dialogue between scenario producers and the end-users. Further translation of scenario information to impact and vulnerability estimates together with established boundary work could improve the use of climate research information. As adaptation policy in these countries further progresses towards implementation, there are increasing expectations of support from research, further challenging the communication of climate scenarios. 相似文献
10.
Communities neighboring federally protected natural areas regularly weigh the costs and benefits of the administering agency’s
programs and policies. While most agencies integrate public opinion into decision making, efforts to standardize and formalize
public involvement have left many local communities feeling marginalized, spurring acrimony and opposition. A significant
body of research has examined barriers to effective public participation as well as strategies for relationship building in
planning processes; many of which point to trust as a key factor. Trust is especially tenuous in local communities. This paper
explores perceptions of trust, expectations for management, as well as constraints to building trust. In-depth interviews
were conducted with 21 community members and USDA Forest Service personnel at the Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie in northeastern
Illinois. The interviews revealed that trust is perceived as important to effective management. Distinct expectations for
management outcomes and processes emerged, including the values, knowledge, and capacity demonstrated in management decisions
and actions and opportunities provided for communication, collaboration, and cooperation within the agency-community relationship.
The case study identified several constraints to building trust, including competing values, knowledge gaps, limited community
engagement, and staff turnover. 相似文献
11.
Many reports and studies have noted that a significant portion of problem-oriented coastal science does not actually link to decisions. Here, three competitively funded project case studies are studied to determine what funders can and should do to better link science with decisions. The qualitative analysis used for this study indicates that the studied program was seen as being unusually attentive to the issue of linking science to decisions, as opposed to simply generating new knowledge. Nevertheless, much of the data indicate that funders can and should do more. Three ideas figured most prominently in the qualitative data: (1) funders should do more to ensure that the problem itself is defined more thoroughly with people who are envisioned as potential users of the science; (2) funders need to allocate more resources and attention to communicating effectively (with users) throughout the project; and (3) funders need to demand more engagement of users throughout the project. These findings have important implications for how funders review and support science, especially when competitive processes are used. Most importantly, funders should adjust what kind of science they ask for. Secondly, funders need to change who is involved in the review process. Currently, review processes focus on knowledge generation, which means that the reviewers themselves have expertise in that area. Instead, review panels should be balanced between those who focus on knowledge generation and those who focus on linking knowledge to decisions; this is a separate but critical discipline currently left out of the review process. 相似文献
12.
Cerveny LK Blahna DJ Stern MJ Mortimer MJ Predmore SA Freeman J 《Environmental management》2011,48(3):644-657
U.S. Forest Service managers are required to incorporate social and biophysical science information in planning and environmental
analysis. The use of science is mandated by the National Environmental Policy Act, the National Forest Management Act, and
U.S. Forest Service planning rules. Despite the agency’s emphasis on ‘science-based’ decision-making, little is known about
how science is actually used in recreation planning and management. This study investigated the perceptions of Forest Service
interdisciplinary (ID) team leaders for 106 NEPA projects dealing with recreation and travel management between 2005 and 2008.
Our survey data show how managers rate the importance of social and biophysical science compared to other potential ‘success
factors’ in NEPA assessments. We also explore how team leaders value and use multi-disciplinary tools for recreation-related
assessments. Results suggest that managers employ a variety of recreation planning tools in NEPA projects, but there appears
to be no common understanding or approach for how or when these tools are incorporated. The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum
(ROS) was the most frequently used planning tool, but the Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) framework was
the most consistently valued tool by those who used it. We recommend further evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of
each planning tool and future development of procedures to select appropriate planning tools for use in recreation-related
NEPA assessments. 相似文献
13.
Paul Dorfman Clare Beattie Frank Burnet David Gibbs James Longhurst Emma Weitkamp Nurul Leksmono 《Local Environment》2006,11(4):399-419
There exists a clear imperative across the EU and within the UK towards the enhanced integration of community knowledge in environmental and health decision-making processes. The underlying social force that underpins this dynamic is the drive for a more accountable, transparent and publicly acceptable decision-making arena. However, relatively little research has been undertaken on the evaluation of local air quality management consultation in particular. In this context, the paper presents an evaluation of evidence resulting from questionnaire survey and case study research undertaken in the first round of the statutory process of local air quality management (LAQM), in which local authorities are required to consult on their air quality findings and intentions. We suggest that local authority perceptions of the relative abilities of differing stakeholders' grasp of air quality science, the process that translates that science into policy, and the institutional and organizational status of stakeholders (i.e. whether they are statutory or non-statutory stakeholders) may tend to transitively determine the choice of consultation methods used, the communication strategies chosen and the relative integration of stakeholder feedback into the LAQM decision-making process. In order to interrogate this potentially problematic chain of risk communication events, a preliminary conceptual model has been developed to enable the interrogation of the pathways through, and the obstacles to, the translation of air quality knowledge. The task is to unveil the sequential chains of association that comprise the LAQM risk communication process. 相似文献
14.
Differences between scientist and policy-maker response types and times, or the “how” and “when” of action, constrain effective
water resource management in suburbanizing watersheds. Policy-makers are often rushed to find a single policy that can be
applied across an entire, homogeneous, geopolitical region, whereas scientists undertake multiyear research projects to appreciate
the complex interactions occurring within heterogeneous catchments. As a result, watershed management is often practiced with
science and policy out of synch. Meanwhile, development pressures in suburban watersheds create changes in the social and
physical fabric and pose a moving target for science and policy. Recent and anticipated advances in the scientific understanding
of urbanized catchment hydrology and pollutant transport suggest that management should become increasingly sensitive to spatial
heterogeneities in watershed features, such as soil types, terrain slopes, and seasonal watertable profiles. Toward this end,
policy-makers should encourage funding scientific research that characterizes the impacts of these watershed heterogeneities
within a geopolitical zoning and development framework. 相似文献
15.
Field Validation of a Conservation Network on the Eastern Shore of Maryland,USA, Using Breeding Birds as Bio-Indicators 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Maryland’s Green Infrastructure (GI) is a network of large, intact natural areas (hubs), interconnected by linear swaths of
riparian or upland vegetation (corridors). The GI serves significant ecological functions and provides the bulk of the state’s
natural support system. This study examined whether the GI as mapped does, in fact, identify Maryland’s most ecologically
valuable forested lands, using forest interior dwelling birds (hereafter called “forest birds”) as bio-indicators. We conducted
bird point counts within forest both inside and outside of hubs on Maryland’s Eastern Shore. We also collected a wide variety
of habitat data. We found that both the condition of a forest and its surrounding landscape influenced the bird communities.
On average, forest bird richness was significantly higher within hubs; furthermore, almost all sites with at least five forest
bird species present were in hubs. Forest bird richness and abundance were highest in undisturbed, mature broadleaf forest
with wetlands and streams nearby. We detected a significant relationship between forest bird richness and the ecological score
of a finer-scale landscape assessment, focused on “cells” of about 0.1 ha in size. This field study also validated the Rapid
Field Assessment (RFA) protocol developed in 2001 to assess, on the ground, the relative condition of individual sites or
properties within the GI. Forest bird richness and abundance were positively correlated with the RFA community scores. Our
results underscore the importance of maintaining regional biological diversity by retaining large blocks of forest, especially
mature forest containing streams and wetlands. 相似文献
16.
Volkert Beekman 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2006,19(3):301-312
Regulatory bodies tend to treat people’s emotional responses towards foods as a nuisance for rational opinion-formation and
decision-making. This position is thought to be supported by such evidence as: (1) people showing negative emotional responses
to the idea of eating meat products from vaccinated livestock; and (2) people showing positive emotional responses to Magnum’s
“7 sins” marketing campaign. Such cases are thought to support the idea that regulatory communication about foods should abstract
from people’s emotional perceptions and that corporate marketing of foods should show restraint in capitalizing upon these
weaknesses of the heart. This paper, on the contrary, argues that people’s emotional perceptions of foods represent valuable
sources of knowledge. This argument is developed by making the dominant reception of people’s emotions intelligible by tracing
its roots through the history of the Platonic paradigm. Although this paradigm has dominated the philosophical and psychological
debate about emotions, the idea that emotions are sources of knowledge has recently gained force. This paper also traces the
historical roots of the alternative Aristotelian paradigm. The cases of meat products from vaccinated livestock and Magnum’s
7 sins serve to illustrate this controversy. The paper concludes by showing that a neo-Platonic emphasis on the irrationality
of emotions does not contribute to a fruitful discussion about implications of people’s perceptions for agricultural and food
politics, whereas a neo-Aristotelian account of rational emotions could enable regulatory bodies to engage people in a fruitful
process of opinion-formation and decision-making about food production and consumption.
This paper has been written in the context of a research project “Images of Food” co-funded by the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture,
Nature and Food Quality and the Social Sciences Group of Wageningen University and Research Centre. I would like to thank
my colleagues Hans Dagevos, Sandra van der Kroon, Siet Sijtsema, Cor van der Weele (Wageningen University), and Cindy Wolff,
as well as the members of the advisory board for this project, for the inspiring discussions about previous versions of this
paper. 相似文献
17.
South Korea’s Civilian Control Zone (CCZ), a relatively untouched area due to tight military oversight since the end of Korean
War, has received considerable attention nationally and internationally for its rich biodiversity. However, the exclusion
of local communities from the process of defining problems and goals and of setting priorities for biodiversity conservation
has halted a series of biodiversity conservation efforts. Through qualitative research, we explored CCZ farmers’ views of
key problems and issues and also the sources of their opposition to the government-initiated conservation approaches. Key
findings include the farmers’ concerns about the impact of conservation restrictions on their access to necessary resources
needed to farm, wildlife impacts on the value of rice and other agricultural goods they produce, and farmers’ strong distrust
of government, the military, and planners, based on their experiences with past conservation processes. The findings regarding
farmers’ perceptions should prove useful for the design of future participatory planning processes for biodiversity conservation
in the CCZ. This case highlights how conservative measures, perceived to be imposed from above—however scientifically valuable—can
be undermined and suggests the value that must be placed on communication among planners and stakeholders. 相似文献
18.
Yung-Ping Tseng Gerard T. Kyle C. Scott Shafer Alan R. Graefe Timothy A. Bradle Michael A. Schuett 《Environmental management》2009,43(3):496-507
Along with the growing boating population and the number of boats in use on limited inland waterways, boater expectations
of setting density, safety perceptions, and the associated impacts on their experience (e.g., satisfaction) are becoming increasingly
important. The primary purpose of this article was to explore a recreational boating crowding–satisfaction model derived from
previous work using safety and enjoyment as mediating variables. We also tested our crowding–satisfaction model among day
and overnight users. Our analysis revealed no significant difference between day and overnight users for any of the relationships
tested in our model. Our final model indicated as respondents’ expectations for seeing people increased along with their feelings
of being crowded, they were more inclined to consider the conditions on the lake as being unsafe. They were also more inclined
to indicate that the number of people they had seen on the lake detracted from their boating experience. Respondents’ satisfaction
was tied to their perceptions of crowding. Mediating variables illustrated that the relationship was conditioned by perceptions
of safety and enjoyment. Analysis of the indirect effect observed in our study illustrate that when the number of people seen
on the lake exceed respondents’ expectations, their perceptions of safety and enjoyment both decline, resulting in lower satisfaction.
These findings have implications for managing recreational boating use on inland lake systems. Given the role played by expectations
in our model, efforts to communicate with boaters about conditions on these waterways is important for helping them plan their
boating experience and avoid situations they consider unsafe or unsatisfactory. 相似文献
19.
Practicing natural resource management with a policy orientation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tim W. Clark 《Environmental management》1992,16(4):423-433
All natural resource managers want to contribute to successful conservation programs. Having and applying an explicit policy
orientation is indispensable. The policy sciences are described and a case is made that, if natural resource managers utilize
this set of conceptual and applied tools in their natural resource work, their effectiveness could be enhanced. The policy
sciences offer a contextual, problem-oriented, and multimethod approach to meeting complex problems. Two kinds of knowledge
are needed to solve problems—substantive knowledge about the resource and process knowledge about the decision and policy
processes used to derive courses of management action. The interplay of science, analysis, and politics are examined. The
wildlife management community is used to illustrate many points, including the important role implementation plays in the
overall policy process. 相似文献
20.
This article assesses the role of local institutions in managing irrigation water use. Fifty irrigation systems in each country
were studied in Nepal and Thailand to compare the influence of local institutions on performance of irrigation systems amid
changes in external policy and market pressures. Nepal’s new irrigation policy after the re-instatement of multiparty democracy
in 1990 emphasized participatory irrigation management transferring the management responsibility from state authorities to
water users. The water user associations of traditional farmer-managed irrigation systems were formally recognized by requiring
registration with related state authorities. In Thailand also government policies encouraged people’s participation in irrigation
management. Today water users are directly involved in management of even some large irrigation systems at the level of tertiary
canals. Traditional communal irrigation systems in northern Thailand received support for system infrastructure improvement
but have faced increased interference from government. In Thailand market development supported diversification in farming
practices resulting in increased areas under high water-demanding commercial crops in the dry season. In contrast, the command
areas of most irrigation systems in Nepal include cereal-based subsistence farming with only one-third having commercial farming.
Cropping intensities are higher in Nepal than in Thailand reflecting, in part, differences in availability of land and management.
In both countries local institutions play an important role in maintaining the performance of irrigation systems as external
drivers and local contexts change. Local institutions have provided alternative options for irrigation water use by mediating
external pressures. 相似文献