Control of upland bank erosion through tidal marsh construction on restored shores: Application in the maryland portion of Chesapeake Bay

During the period of 1972 through 1993, Environmental Concern Inc. (EC) and its recent (1989) affiliate Environmental Construction Company (ECC) have completed 216 marsh construction projects to control upland bank erosion in tributaries of the Maryland portion of Chesapeake Bay. Of these projects, 26 have involved marsh construction on unaltered existing shores and 190 have utilized marsh construction on shores that have been restored to former increased elevations through shoreline filling and grading. This paper describes the latter restoration technique. Throughout the 21-year period of applying the technique for long-term upland bank erosion control, refinements to the design standards and criteria for site suitability have been made so as to optimize its successful application. As a result of this experience, a reliable bioengineering restoration technique has evolved to control upland bank erosion. This paper describes the details of this successful technique through a review of: (1) its objectives and benefits, (2) suitability of sites for its application, (3) the design of its shore restoration, (4) its construction, (5) its maintenance, and (6) comparison of its cost with those of structural techniques for bank erosion control. Although the technique has only been applied in the Maryland portions of Chesapeake Bay, its applicability should, with modifications, be broadly applicable to all water bodies.     

Environmental management and firm performance: a case study

This study has as its aim to help to clarify the relationship between environmental management and economic performance by integrating it into a wider framework that includes the relationship between environmental strategy and firm performance, the latter being understood as the combination of environmental performance, competitive advantage and economic performance. A case study of the COATO farming cooperative showed us that its environmental management, focused on prevention logic, has had a positive net effect on its environmental performance. Besides, the order in which these practices were adopted favoured the development of new organisational capabilities that have contributed to the appearance of advantages derived from the greater accumulated experience of employees in creating new projects that are designed to reduce residues and pollution. COATO has also obtained a competitive advantage in differentiation thanks to an improved brand image and to its increased credibility in business relationships. Finally, a positive correlation exists between the pioneering proactive strategy adopted by this cooperative and the improvement of its firm performance with respect to the other firms in its sector.     

生态文明视域下河北沿海地区湿地农业发展转型研究

基于生态文明建设视域,分析了河北沿海地区湿地农业发展现状,指出目前存在天然湿地面积逐年减少、抵御自然灾害能力降低、水资源及环境条件恶化、湿地功能发挥受到限制等主要问题,阐释了湿地农业发展转型的必要性,提出实现湿地农业持续发展,必须推动其增长方式向依靠科学技术和科学管理转型,生产方式向依靠基础设施和技术装备转型,经营方式向适度规模经营转型,农产品向多品种、高品质转型,发展方式向多次产业融合转型。     

Bauxite and alumina - Jamaica's reach for the future

Jamaica has developed a new strategy designed to allow it to expand its bauxite and alumina production, to diversify both its markets and its sources of investment and, to move downstream into the production of aluminium and semi-finished products. Some benefits of this new strategy are already evident, several bauxite mines are being expanded, alumina plants are being re-opened while others are adding additional capacity, and the countries of Europe, Asia and North America are showing renewed interest in investing in Jamaica. With its new strategy, Jamaica intends to participate more fully in the world economy.     

Seven thousand years in the service of humanity—the history of copper, the red metal

Measured by weight, copper is the third most important metal used by man. The annual value of its 2007 output was on a par with the GDP of e.g. Ukraine. Copper is also one of the oldest metals, its employment going back 7000 years. For millennia, it was predominantly employed for decorative purposes, coinage and in warfare. Technical breakthroughs in antiquity, like smelting and alloying, expanded its production and enhanced its utility. Copper's true heyday occurred after 1850, with the usage of electricity. In the period since then, volumes increased 300-fold, while costs and prices declined. With impressive progress in the technology of its production and consumption, the red metal has been able to hold its own, despite the emergence over history of formidable substitutes like iron, aluminum, plastics and optic fiber.     

Power performance characterization of multi-crystalline silicon solar cells and its module at outdoor exposure

Outdoor power performance measurements of silicon (Si) solar cells and its assembled module were carried out at the coastal site of geographical location of 12.0107° Latitude and 79.856° Longitude, of Puducherry, India. Measurements were analyzed in comparison with the daily solar illumination data obtained by an optical pyranometer deployed with global measurement condition. It was found that the module required ~3 times more illumination to stabilize in its output voltage than the requirement of an individual cell and exhibited 11.35% loss in its efficiency compared to its STC value. Proposed operation of 5.30 hours was found resulting in an output rating fixed at ~40% from its 100% full capacity.     

基于生态效率建立我国循环经济评价指标体系的思考

如何科学地定量评价循环经济的发展水平是循环经济的一个基础理论问题。本文探讨了生态效率与循环经济之间的关系,以生态效率指标为基础,建立了我国循环经济评价指标体系。该指标体系突出强调了循环经济的生态效率目标,基本涵盖了循环经济的主要内容,体现了循环经济的核心内涵、“3R”原则和本质要求,能够全面、客观反映循环经济发展的状况和程度,为政府决策提供科学的依据。     

成都龙潭地区水体污染现状及对2000年发展趋向的预测

环境污染和自然生态恶化,是成都市经济发展和腾飞所面临的严峻挑战。因此,对成都及其卫星城的环境质量超前工作,对成都建设的总体布局和环境综合治理、资源的保护和合理开发,具有重要的理论与实际意义。     

Water Resource Protection in Taiwan: An Evaluation of the Taipei Water Management Commission

/ This study evaluates the institutional capacity and performance of the Taipei Water Management Commission. The commission, which manages the Taipei Water Special Area-one of 95 such areas in Taiwan and the only one managed by a supervisory agency-has established a record of water conservation that suggests its utility as a model for managing other protected water resources areas in Taiwan. However, its present institutional structure limits its ability deliver on its mandate. The study identifies a number of problems related to the commission's current institutional structure that need to be addressed if the commission is to serve as a viable model for managing other protected water resource areas in Taiwan.KEY WORDS: Water resources management; Commissions; Institutional capacity; Taiwan     

生物滤床工艺处理城市污水处理厂恶臭气体

生物滤床作为一种新型的污水处理厂臭气生物处理技术，在实际应用中取得了快速的发展。本文介绍了其工作原理、工艺特点、影响因素以及国内外应用现状及其局限性，希望对于我国其它城市污水处理厂除臭系统的建设起到借鉴作用。     

Biophilia as an Environmental Virtue

Beginning with E. O. Wilson’s notion of biophilia, our “innate tendency to focus on life and life-like processes,” I construct an environmental virtue with the same name that meets certain criteria an environmental virtue should meet. I argue that this virtue can have its status as a virtue by its contribution to human flourishing, while having care for live nature as its target, and care about live nature as its affective content. I explore its characteristics as both an individual and a collective virtue, and finally show how cultivation of it might serve to unite various communities in the cause of preserving biodiversity.     

The transformation and successful development of small-scale mining enterprises in developing countries

Proponents have long argued that small-scale mining, given proper direction and support, can contribute substantively to the socioeconomic development of rural areas in developing countries. The attitudes of governments, commercial mining companies and donor agencies have been coloured by the haphazard, informal, often dangerous and seemingly wasteful character of much local mining activity, especially at the smallest scale. Yet this 'artisanal' activity has come to assume a critical economic welfare function in many countries, especially those which have suffered through extended periods of environmental and economic stress. This paper argues that this type of mining, because of both its upside potential and its problematic nature, cannot be ignored: neither can it be eradicated. Instead, explicit and sustained attention from governments, non-government organizations, the private sector and donor agencies is advocated for an effort to rationalize and formalize this type of mining, to increase its economic and technical efficiency, and to maximize its social benefits and minimize its disadvantages.     

南珠产业运行特点及健康发展模式探讨

产业发展有其自身的规律，产业健康运行需要一定的条件。分析了南珠产业发展现状，对产业的生命和阶段进行初步判断，并进一步从产品质量与市场需求、产业运行的资源供给和产业生产技术等主要方面分析了南珠产业运行的特点和存在问题，提出了产业运行模式和健康成长的道路与途径。     

活性污泥法处理含砷废水初探

文章概述了含砷废水的产生及其处理方法，重点介绍了国内外研究报道较少的活性污泥法，以引起人们对这一有效除砷方法的重视。通过总结活性污泥法除砷的研究进展，探讨了活性污泥除砷的机理和影响因素，并提出今后要从活性污泥法除砷的机理、除砷工艺、及含砷废渣处理三方面开展研究，以促进该方法的应用。     

Use of Ammophila arenaria for Dune Stabilization in South Africa and Its Current Distribution—Perceptions and Problems

Ammophila arenaria (marram or European beach grass) for dune stabilization in South Africa in the past and present, its present distribution in South Africa, and the perceptions of coastal management agencies and the public about its further use. The planting of A. arenaria became the most important means of dune stabilization, by human intervention, along the South African Cape coast in this century. Its modern distribution from the semiarid west coast to the subtropical shores of the Eastern Cape extends through various climatic zones. Although historical data are missing for some areas, there is no indication of its unaided spread. A. arenaria occurs at most sites because of its prior planting. The South African climate appears to affect its vigor. However, concern about the use of the alien grass has been raised since it has proved to be a highly invasive species in other parts of the world, particularly along the North American west coast and in Tasmania. While the CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) promotes its use, CNC (Cape Nature Conservation) follows a policy that restricts the use of any alien plant, including A. arenaria, and requests further research on its invasive properties. Although a questionnaire survey shows that stabilization sites featuring large areas of A. arenaria are accepted by the South African public, current coastal management practices need to be analyzed critically. A thorough investigation of the potential invasiveness of A. arenaria on South African coastal dunes will be essential and shed new light on the American A. arenaria problem.     

论环境污染的危害及其防治措施

论述了环境污染造成的危害性 ,分析了我国环境污染的特点 ,并在此基础上提出了保护环境和治理污染的相应措施。     

Ecotoxicity assessment of slag generated in the process of recycling lead from waste batteries

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible toxicity of the leachate produced by the residues generated in the process of recycling lead from waste batteries. These residues are slag, which once formed, is characterised by its content in ferrous sulphide, sodium carbonate as well as residual coke from the process. It also contains, as minor components, lead and other heavy metals. The slag was stored and watered periodically over a period of 6 months, its composition changing until finally becoming inert, with no exothermal activity. The slag was leached, and its ecotoxicity was determined by means of the bioluminescence test, along with its content in heavy metals. The results obtained indicate a greater degree of toxicity in the residues with a shorter storage period than the established one, and which were therefore still in the phase of decomposition. However, in the samples taken on completing 6 months of storage, the EC₅₀ value of the leachate was found to be higher than 3000 mg/l. Hence, a storage period under suitable environmental conditions which leads to inactivity of the residue as well as a decrease in its ecotoxicity, is considered absolutely essential. At the same time, a direct relationship was observed between the lead content and the ecotoxicity value.     

水利工程功能变迁及其遗产旅游开发

水利工程一般表现为多种功能,但其原生功能因不同时代的需求变化而各异,总体经历了从农业时代的“兴农水利”,到工业时代的“能源水利”,再到后工业时代“民生水利”的转变.随着休闲旅游市场的日益兴旺,水利工程因其独特的景观价值和科学价值而被开发成为水利旅游风景区.系统分析了水利工程的原生功能及其变迁规律,指出水利旅游是其重要的拓展功能,因此要利用和挖掘好古代水利工程文化遗产价值,对现代水利工程进行未来遗产式开发,对水利工程赋存的非物质文化遗产进行活态开发,整体提升水利旅游发展的品位和质量.     

晋陕蒙接壤地区能源基地战略环境影响评价研究

文章以晋陕蒙接壤区能源基地战略为例对区域战略环境影响评价进行分析和研究。首先对接壤区能源基地战略进行了回顾性地分析和评价,然后对环境影响进行了预测和环境效益分析,最后提出了战略实施的环境保护对策。