稠油废水生物处理研宄进展

稠油废水含大量难生物降解的大分子有机物,BOD5/CODCr极低.文章简要介绍了稠油废水的有机组成和处理难点,总结了提高稠油废水可生化性的生物处理方法,对比了活性污泥法、生物膜法等生物法的处理效果和优缺点,探讨其降解机理,对提高稠油废水生物法处理效率提出了建议.     

稠油废水生物处理研究进展

稠油废水含大量难生物降解的大分子有机物,BOD_5/COD_(Cr)极低。文章简要介绍了稠油废水的有机组成和处理难点,总结了提高稠油废水可生化性的生物处理方法,对比了活性污泥法、生物膜法等生物法的处理效果和优缺点,探讨其降解机理,对提高稠油废水生物法处理效率提出了建议。     

SBR法处理炼油废水的研究

研究了SBR（程序间歇式活性污泥）法处理炼油废水的最佳工艺条件和除氮效果，以及投菌SBR法处理炼油废水中污染物的效果。确定了SBR法处理炼油废水最佳反应温度为25℃－40℃，pH值为6.0-8.5，反应时间为8－12h，活性污泥浓度为2000－4000mg/L。当反应期内好氧曝气和缺氧搅拌交替进行3－4次，脱氧率可以达到90％以上。将实验室筛选得到的除油菌投加于BR复合生物反应器中处理炼油厂隔油池出水，废水中各种污染物的去除率分别为：COD93．5％，石油类98．6％，总氮89．8％。     

AB活性污泥法的生命周期能耗分析

运用LCA技术可从全过程的视角识别和比较不同城市污水处理工艺在其生命周期各个阶段的能耗，并在此基础上提出改善其能效的措施。本文运用LCA方法对AB活性污泥法处理系统从其原材料开采和加工开始直至污水厂施工建设，处理运行以及废弃拆除的LC全过程能耗进行了识别和量化分析，并与普通活性污泥法进行了平行对照。研究结果表明，AB法的LC能耗在微孔和穿孔管两种曝气条件下可比普通活性污泥法分别节省9．5％和15．8％，但由于污水中有机物大部分转化为污泥形态，其比较耗仅与普通活性污泥法相当。AB法处理系统污泥的稳定化处理已成为提高其能效的重要途径。     

活性污泥法数学模型的发展与展望

活性污泥法数学模型在污水处理厂的设计、运行控制和工艺优化等方面发挥着日益重要的作用，目前已成为了污水处理领域的研究热点。本文综述了活性污泥法数学模型的研究和发展过程，重点介绍了IWA模型的特点及其在国内外的研究现状。最后对模型的研究和应用进行了展望，认为今后可以在完善机理，模块化模型，混合模型等方面作进一步的研究。     

活性污泥法处理工业废水有关指标的控制

独山子炼油厂的工业废水处理采用活性污泥法，处理工艺是鼓风曝气。本文就有关操作情况以及活性污泥法的指标要求进行了论述，结论是只有控制好指标才能取得良好的处理效果。     

结构态亚铁羟基化合物原位矿物转化除砷性能研究

纳米零价铁表面的结构态亚铁具有高反应活性和吸附性能,为了避免纳米零价铁在除砷过程中的钝化作用,合成了结构态亚铁羟基化合物(ferrous hydroxy complex,FHC)用于砷的去除。在中碱性条件下(pH=7.0~11.0),比较了FHC、O_2-FHC及重金属(Ni~(2+)、Zn~(2+))-FHC体系除砷性能。实验结果表明:FHC去除As(Ⅲ)和As(V)的最适pH分别为9.0和7.0左右,吸附过程符合Langmuir模型,最大吸附容量分别为349.54 mg/g和537.85 mg/g。在O_2-FHC和Ni~(2+)、Zn~(2+)-FHC体系中,FHC转化形成了纤铁矿和层状双金属体系,在转化过程中,Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ)、Fe(Ⅱ)/M混合体系与砷溶液混合时促进电子转移导致一系列吸附、沉淀反应的进行,表现出更高的除砷效率,除砷机理以专性吸附和共沉淀为主。该研究为含砷工业废水处理提供了新技术,也为FHC矿物转化用于控制砷的迁移提供了理论基础。     

活性污泥法+接触氧化法工艺处理高盐度环氧丙烷生产废水的试验研究

采用活性污泥法和接触氧化两段工艺对高含盐的环氧丙烷生产废水进行处理，同时研究了不同水力停留时间的处理效果和不同的盐度对处理效果的影响。试验结果表明CODcr的去除率可以达84．38％，出水CODcr＜160mg／L，pH＜8。     

活性污泥法在高原生活污水处理中的应用

青海铝业有限责任公司生活污水处理厂在高原地区应用活性污泥法处理污水做出了成功的尝试。文章重点介绍了其流程、运行指标控制、运行效果等，并对存在问题提出解决的方法和建议     

沉淀浮选法治理含重金属废水的研究

本文采用沉淀浮选法治理含重金属废水，找到了气浮活性好，来源广泛，价廉，几乎无毒的气浮剂ＡＳ；考察了沉淀浮选法的影响因素，确定了沉淀浮洗法治理含重金属废水的最佳工艺条件，处理实际废水的实验证明，沉淀浮洗法不仅能治理含重金属废水，还十分有效地回收了废水中的有价元素，总金属回收率达９９．２７％，且总金属富集比达１１３．５（倍），此外，还对气浮剂ＡＳ的作用机理进行了探讨，本研究结果对沉淀浮选法治理含重金属     

废水生物脱氮除磷机理与技术研究的进展

本文介绍了硝化－反硝化，短程硝化－反硝化，厌氧氨氧化等生物脱氮 过程和生物除磷过程的机理及目前国内外的研究现状和比较成熟的技术，并对我国开展这方面的研究前景提出了展望。     

Iron and aluminium based adsorption strategies for removing arsenic from water

Arsenic is a commonly occurring toxic metal in natural systems and is the root cause of many diseases and disorders. Occurrence of arsenic contaminated water is reported from several countries all over the world. A great deal of research over recent decades has been motivated by the requirement to lower the concentration of arsenic in drinking water and the need to develop low cost techniques which can be widely applied for arsenic removal from contaminated water. This review briefly presents iron and aluminium based adsorbents for arsenic removal. Studies carried out on oxidation of arsenic(III) to arsenic(V) employing various oxidising agents to facilitate arsenic removal are briefly mentioned. Effects of competing ions, As:Fe ratios, arsenic(V) vs. arsenic(III) removal using ferrihydrite as the adsorbent have been discussed. Recent efforts made for investigating arsenic adsorption on iron hydroxides/oxyhydroxides/oxides such as granular ferric hydroxide, goethite, akaganeite, magnetite and haematite have been reviewed. The adsorption behaviours of activated alumina, gibbsite, bauxite, activated bauxite, layered double hydroxides are discussed. Point-of-use adsorptive remediation methods indicate that Sono Arsenic filter and Kanchan™ Arsenic filter are in operation at various locations of Bangladesh and Nepal. The relative merits and demerits of such filters have been discussed. Evaluation of kits used for at-site arsenic estimation by various researchers also forms a part of this review.     

不同操作条件对纳滤膜去除水中五价砷的研究

采用纳滤膜（NF90）过滤自配含砷水,研究在不同操作条件下纳滤膜对水中砷去除效果的影响。本实验探讨膜进水浓度、水的pH值、膜进水温度、操作压力、水中天然有机物浓度等对膜除砷效率的影响。结果表明：纳滤膜对水中五价砷（As（Ⅴ））的去除率很高,最高去除率能达到99%,在实验的前2.5个小时内,砷的去除率均在90%以上。但是,纳滤膜除砷效率随着时间变化,去除率会降低。不同的操作条件对纳滤膜除砷的影响很大,研究不同条件的影响对应用很有意义。     

废水生物脱氮低温反硝化研究进展

反硝化过程是废水生物脱氮的关键,低温下废水生物处理的反硝化效率显著降低.本文从低温对微生物反硝化处理效果的影响、低温对反硝化微生物的影响机制以及低温下反硝化效果的强化策略等方面的研究展开综述,并提出了可能的研究方向,以期为微生物低温反硝化进一步的机理研究与技术强化提供参考.     

砷污染危害及其治理技术

综合分析了砷的污染途径以及对人类和环境的危害,并对砷污染的治理方法进行了阐述。提出了砷污染治理的一些看法     

水体中氟乐灵的生物毒性和去除研究进展

作为一种在全球范围内广泛使用的二硝基苯胺类除草剂,氟乐灵对环境和人体健康的潜在危害越来越受到人们的关注.本文首次总结了水体中氟乐灵的来源、生物毒性、毒性机理以及饮用水处理中去除氟乐灵的物理、化学和生物方法.传统单独的加氯消毒、生物膜工艺等通常难以高效去除水体中的氟乐灵,而以紫外线和臭氧为基础的高级氧化技术（AOPs）由于能产生具有强氧化能力的羟基自由基而对水体中痕量氟乐灵有较好的去除效果.最后在此基础上,对今后的研究方向进行了展望,提出改进饮用水中微量氟乐灵的毒性检测和去除工艺亟待解决的问题.     

Reforming small-scale mining in sub-Saharan Africa: Political and ideological challenges to a Fair Trade gold initiative

In sub-Saharan Africa, artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) has caused a range of environmental, social and economic problems. Most of the donor support pledged to improve conditions in the sector to date, however, has failed to facilitate marked improvements, in large part because emphasis has been placed on technical interventions; at the same time, impoverished miners’ needs and concerns have been seriously overlooked. It is against this background that this paper critically examines the underpinnings and potential of “Fair Trade gold” as a solution to many of the problems plaguing the ASM sector and a mechanism for alleviating the hardships of its operators. Unlike the majority of ASM-support support measures implemented in the past, “Fair Trade gold” is entrenched in the discourse of “partnership” and “participation”. To ensure its effectiveness initiatives must be adapted according to the specificities of ASM.     

A double‐edged sword: Realities of artisanal and small‐scale mining for rural people in the Alaotra region of Madagascar

A growing number of people are entering the artisanal and small‐scale mining (ASM) sector worldwide. In Madagascar, millions of individuals depend on this informal activity. Through a case study in the Alaotra‐Mangoro region of Madagascar, our research aimed to understand the “bottom‐up” dynamics and ripple effects of the sector, by looking at the realities for rural communities where inhabitants are both directly and indirectly affected by ASM. We were interested in community members' and miners' perceptions of the socio‐economic and environmental impacts of ASM, and in identifying the factors attracting people living in one of the country's agricultural hubs to this activity. Our results show a wide diversity of push and pull factors leading people to enter the sector. Although many positive impacts of ASM exist for miners and communities within the vicinity of mines, most miner participants considered themselves worse off since starting to mine, highlighting the high risk and low probability of return of ASM. ASM's potential for local and national development will remain squandered if its negative impacts continue to go unmanaged. Accounting for local contexts and the ripple effects of ASM will be crucial in achieving safety and security for miners, and to tap into the benefits it may offer communities while minimising environmental damage.     

ASM2G在污水处理中的研究与应用

针对用静态模型常规设计在设计效果与模拟分析上的不足,作者在研究动态机理模型ASM2d的基础上开发了污水处理仿真程序ASM2G,以分析污水生物处理,并进行模拟分析与辅助设计.本文首先介绍了此自编程序的机理模型ASM2d;其次说明了ASM2G的模拟过程;最后,通过对实际污水处理厂的模拟比较,说明了ASM2G在模拟分析上的优势,同时也反映了ASM2d能够较好地反映污水处理的运行状况,是一个较成熟的动态机理模型.文章试图为找到一种经济有效的设计方法提供一定的参考.     

COST EFFECTIVE ARSENIC REDUCTIONS IN PRIVATE WELL WATER IN MAINE1

ABSTRACT: This study was undertaken to investigate the cost effectiveness of selected arsenic avoidance methods. Annual costs of reverse osmosis (RO), activated alumina (AA), bottled water, and rented and purchased water coolers for various household sizes in Maine were compared. Relative ranking of systems shows that RO ($411 annually) is the most cost effective, followed by AA ($518) and one‐gallon jugs of water ($321 to $1,285), respectively, for households larger than one person. One‐gallon jugs ($321) followed by 2.5‐gallon jugs ($358) of water were found to be the most cost effective for households of one person or for households with arsenic III concentrations of 0.02 to 0.06 mg/L and arsenic V concentrations of 0.08 to 1.0 mg/L. Point‐of‐entry systems and water coolers were not found to be cost effective under any of the study's conditions. The research reported here will help states make more definitive treatment recommendations to households regarding the cost effectiveness of alternative treatment systems to reduce arsenic concentrations below 0.01 mg/L. While arsenic removal technologies are improving, which enhances removal rates and reduces costs, the major insights from this analysis appear to be reinforced by technological improvements.