室内木质吊顶轰燃过程分析

针对高温烟气引起建筑物问题,建立了室内烟气传热模型,通过辐射与对流传热计算,得到了木质吊顶的温升随时间变化的关系。通过热解实验,得到了三合板的失重曲线图;计算了其热解动力学参数活化能E和频率因子A;在此基础上计算了吊顶随时间的失重百分比。采用Lechteilier法则对热解可燃气能否达到可燃界限,发生轰燃,进行了预测。结果表明,对于800℃烟气,10min后,吊顶壁面温度可达到435℃,析出的可燃气将发生轰燃。     

基于极限学习机的炭化可燃物着火时间预测

机器学习技术近年来在许多传统科学领域取得了应用,针对火灾中炭化可燃物着火时间与物性参数及环境参数之间关系复杂的特点,提出了一种基于极限学习机的预测方法以实现不同物性及环境参数时着火时间的快速准确预测,为防治及扑救火灾提供参考。首先建立炭化可燃物热解数值模型,考虑了可燃物热解过程中的含水率以及热解反应、气体流动等复杂物理化学反应过程,然后搭建极限学习机,以数值模拟数据为基础进行训练及验证工作。结果表明基于极限学习机的预测方法能够有效实现炭化可燃物着火时间的快速准确预测,平均相对误差小于3%。     

《火灾动力学演化与防治基础》项目关键科学问题研究内容

1、可燃物动力学系统成灾机理研究典型可燃物确定性动力学系统解的结构、稳定性变化和突变机理 ,获得对控制火灾的热传导、热对流、热辐射、可燃物热解、质量输运和着火过程足够精确的描述 ,认识火灾可燃物的热解、着火以及阴燃向明火转化过程的微观机理。具体研究内容包括 : 不同热流条件下可燃物的热解动力学模型 ; 综合物理输运过程和化学动力学过程的着火模型 ; 阴燃及其向明火转化的机理。2、森林草原火灾的辨识与预测理论综合运用卫星遥感技术、ＧＩＳ技术、图形图像学、元胞自动机模型和分形学等 ,探索森林草原可燃物运态变化和厄尔…     

孔隙结构对焦碳燃烧影响的数值研究

煤粒在热解过程中,由于不同的加热速度和不同的热解最终温度所产生的孔隙结构也不同,本文建立了多组分并存的情况下,综合考虑化学反应,内外传递过程及颗粒孔结构变化在内的单颗粒焦碳着火燃烧模型,计算出３种不同孔隙结构焦碳的转化率,氧化反应率及比面积的变化,比较了它们之间的差异。     

不同压力环境下不透明非碳化ABS材料的热解温度模型研究

在不同热流强度下,利用智能步进低压实验仓对不透明非碳化聚合物材料丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)在不同压力情况下的热解过程中的表面及背面温度进行了实时测量,建立了表面吸收一维热解模型,预测了ABS在不同外界热流密度下,不同压力环境下表面温度及背面温度随时间的变化;并将实验测量值与模型模拟值进行对比。结果表明,非碳化聚合物的表面吸收一维热解模型在高热流密度下对温度的预测情况优于在低热流密度下对温度的预测结果,总体来说,模拟计算结果与实验测量值较为一致。     

孔隙结构对焦燃烧影响的数值研究

煤粒在热解过程中,由于不同的加热速度和不同 的热解最终温度所产生的孔结构也不同,本文建立了多组分并存的情况下,综合考虑化学反应,内外传递过程及颗粒孔结构变化在内的单颗粒焦碳着火燃烧模型,     

辐射热流条件下多层电缆着火的数值模拟

通过CFD计算软件对锥形量热燃烧实验条件下的多层电缆着火性能进行数值模拟计算,对比相应CONE电缆燃烧实验结果,其计算结果表明所建立的电缆模型所得计算结果能够较好预测电缆着火时间。在此基础上,对护套层、绝缘层厚度、线芯层直径等参数对着火时间的影响进行了分析,发现护套层厚度对着火时间影响最大,线芯层对着火时间影响较小;当护套层及绝缘层厚度达到一定数值之后,电缆着火时间将不再发生变化。另外,因为电缆由多层热特性各异的材料组成,不能简单的划分为热薄材料或者热厚材料,但就所模拟电缆而言,其着火时间在不同的热辐射强度下分别表现出与热薄材料或者热厚材料相似的变化规律。     

基于升温速率的生物质三组分热解特性研究及动力学比较

为了研究升温速率对生物质三组分的热解特性影响，利用同步热分析-质谱联用仪(Thermogravimetry/Differential Scanning Calorimetry-Mass Spectrum, TG/DSC-MS)对不同升温速率(μ=1℃/min、5℃/min、10℃/min、20℃/min)下的热解试验进行分析，并采用Coats-Redfern法、Doyle法和分布活化能模型(Distribution of Activation Energy Model, DAEM)法对热解动力学参数进行计算与比较。结果显示：1)随升温速率增大，三组分生物炭产率减小，热解气和热解油产率增大。2)随升温速率增大，气体产物最大析出速率增大。其中，当升温速率为1℃/min时，气体产物析出速率变化不大。3)随升温速率增大，三组分热解失重率变化不大。4)随升温速率增大，DTG(Derivative Thermogravimetry)曲线最大失重峰右移，最大热解失重速率减小。5)随升温速率增大，纤维素DSC曲线最大吸热峰右移，峰值增大，吸热峰面积增大。此外，半纤维素和木质素最大放热峰右移，峰值增大，...     

CH_4/N_2/O_2预混气激波火焰结构数值预测

研究激波着火现象，推导激波加热点燃可燃气控制方程组。针对甲烷预混气激波火焰结构进行数值模拟，计算了激波燃烧时的压力、温度、及不同组分随时间的变化历程。其中甲烷燃烧采用美国BERKELEY大学GRI-MECH机理，该反应机理包含177个基元反应，涉及32种组分。程序采用美国SANDIA国家实验室发展的大型化学反应动力学软件包CHEMKIN III中相关的模型、子程序和热力学数据库。计算结果表明激波火焰有其自身的结构特征。     

井喷失控可燃性蒸气云形成数值模拟研究

利用计算流体力学方法(CFD)对井喷失控发生后天然气喷射流进行数值模拟研究,在有限元的基础上建立模型,采用紊流模型求解Navier-Stokes方程,计算井喷失控后任意时刻可燃气体浓度分布,考察不同风速对气体扩散的影响,最后得出井喷后易爆蒸气云稳定时间随风速变化规律.数值模拟计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,验证了紊流模型和数值算法的可靠性.该研究成果可对井喷失控后所形成的可燃性天然气易燃区域进行预测,有助于预防井场重大天然气着火、爆燃事故的发生.     

刨花板及其木质原材料燃烧热解特性对比试验

为研究刨花板与木质原材料热解燃烧过程的区别,利用热重分析仪对空气和氮气条件下刨花板及其木质原材料进行研究。深入分析材料的燃烧热解失重过程的热重法和微商热重法曲线特性,确定了材料的燃烧特征参数。材料的燃烧热解动力学过程符合"双阶段一级反应"模型,利用考斯特-瑞地芬(Coats-Redfern)方法求得对应失重阶段的动力学参数。通过对比发现,刨花板较其木质原材料着火温度低,燃尽温度高,综合燃烧特性指数低;燃烧热解活化能和频率因子低,高温段失重率高;燃烧最终剩余质量和其木质原材料基本相同,热解剩余质量大于木质原材料。根据试验现象对刨花板燃烧热解过程中胶黏剂的作用机理进行了推断。     

Study of lignocellulosic biomass ignition properties estimation from thermogravimetric analysis

In the last decade, the use of renewable resources has increased significantly in order to reduce the energetic dependence on fossil fuels, as they have an important contribution to the global warning and greenhouse gasses effect. Because of that, research on biofuels has been increased in the last years as its characteristics of use match those of the conventional fuel's: solid biomass can be used instead of coals, and biodiesel could replace diesel. Research on solid biomass ignition properties has been considerably developed because of the amount of industrial accidents related to the treatment and use of solid biomass (self-ignition, dust explosions, etc.). On the other hand, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is becoming and important characterization technique as it can be used to determine a wide spectrum of properties, such as kinetics, composition, proximate analysis, etc. This research aims to combine thermal analysis and ignition properties, by using the TGA to obtain the elemental composition of lignocellulosic biomass and compare those results to Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) values test output, so a relation between composition and MIE can be found.To achieve this aim, biomass samples from different origins have been used: oil palm wastes (empty fruit bunches, mesocarp fiber and palm kernel shell), agricultural wastes (straw chops) and forestry wastes (wood chips and wood powder). Also, raw materials and torrefied biomass were compared. The hemicellulose/cellulose ratio was calculated and compared to different flammability properties, finding out that the greater the ratio and the lower the onset temperature (temperature at which the pyrolysis reaction accelerates), the lower was the minimum ignition energy. From this basis it was possible to define “tendency areas” that grouped the samples whose MIE values were similar. Three tendency areas were found: high minimum ignition energy, medium minimum ignition energy, and low ignition energy.     

番龙眼木的热分解失重及动力学研究

木材热解是木材类火灾事件的先导过程,是引起后续的阴燃、着火、燃烧和火焰蔓延等各种现象的重要因素,因此研究木材的热解非常重要。采用热重分析法对番龙眼木的热重特性及反应动力学进行研究。在空气气氛下,研究样品粒径、试验气氛和升温速率对番龙眼木热解特性的影响。对番龙眼木的热解反应过程的分析,采用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa积分法、Kissinger最大速率法和atava-esták积分法对动力学进行处理。试验得到了一些热解动力学的参数,并推断出不同温升速率下番龙眼木的动力学最概然机理方程为反应级数函数,n=4     

木材在线性增长热流下着火的复合判据研究

为探索木材在热流变化时的着火特点并提出着火判据,通过试验研究了木材在线性增长热流条件下的自发着火性能,测定了泡桐、椿木、榆木和刺槐4种木材的点燃时间、木材表面的入射热流以及试样内部的温度.结果表明.当热流增长率大于等于0.199kw/(m~2·s)时,试验的所有木材均可以被点燃,点燃这些木材的临界热流增长率介于0.065～0.103 kw/(m~2·s).建立了木材着火的计算模型,计算得出木材自发着火时的表面温度约为500℃.根据试验和计算的结果提出了-结合表面温度和临界热流增长率的木材自发着火复合判据.     

Effect of transient heat transfer on ignition of solid particles

Ignition and combustion of solid particles are the issues of interest for many industrial applications. When simulating ignition and combustion of solid particles using available standard (ST) models, a number of simplifying assumptions are usually adopted, which are not always justified. For example, for calculating heat flux to particle surface, the Newton law is often applied with the heat flux proportional to the difference between the gas temperature and the mean particle temperature. However, Newton law is known to be valid only for steady-state heat transfer. Moreover, the actual heat flux is determined by the particle surface temperature rather than its mean temperature. The objective of this work is to develop a new particle-heating model with the correction factors to the Newton law taking into account transient heat transfer to a particle and nonuniform temperature distribution inside the particle. It was shown that the new particle-heating model correlates much better with detailed numerical calculations than the ST model. The transient heating effects were shown to be important for the problem of solid particle ignition in the oxidizer gas.     

Experimental investigation of the influence of inert solids on ignition sensitivity of organic powders

This work presents the results of the experimental characterization of the ignition sensitivity of solid inertant/combustible powders mixtures. Three inert solids (alumina, Kieselguhr, aerosil) and eleven organic powders have been considered and the following parameters have been determined: (1) the minimum ignition energy, (2) the minimum ignition temperature in cloud and (3) the minimum ignition temperature in 5 mm layer. The effects of the addition of inert solids are described and a simple model is proposed to represent the experimental results.Generally, increasing inert solid content in a powder leads to a higher minimum ignition energy as well as a higher minimum ignition temperatures in cloud and in layer. In some cases, the flammability is influenced above a threshold concentration value, which can be quite high (up to 85 wt.%). Indeed, the proposed model shows a zone below the minimum ignition concentration (MIC), which does not enable an efficient or safe inerting: either the admixed inert solid does not provide a sufficient effect, or it can even facilitate the ignition of the dust by notably improving its dispersability.The influence of key parameters such as the thermal conductivity or optical properties on the efficiency of the inerting by admixed solid need to be further assessed in a future work in view to better understand the mechanisms involved and to extend the scope to other types of oxidizable materials.     

4种典型易燃烟煤的着火特性分析*

为了研究典型易燃烟煤的着火特性，预防和控制煤尘爆炸，采用粉尘云最低着火温度实验装置和同步热分析仪，分别研究崔木长焰煤、东荣二矿气煤、察哈素不粘煤和丁集焦煤4种烟煤在不同条件下的煤尘云最低着火温度和煤尘热解过程。研究结果表明:当煤尘云浓度从0.90 kg/m3上升到5.99 kg/m3时，4种煤尘的最低着火温度先降后升，在1.50 kg/m3煤尘云浓度时，4种煤尘的最低着火温度均达到最小，分别为450，580，610，620 ℃。随着升温速率的升高，煤的着火温度、峰值温度、燃尽温度和煤样最大放热量整体呈上升趋势，失重率整体呈下降趋势，在5~20 ℃/min的升温速率范围内，崔木长焰煤、东荣二矿气煤、察哈素不粘煤和丁集焦煤热解过程中的最小着火温度分别为354.17，404.37，443.18，484.13 ℃。4种烟煤的最低着火温度和热解过程中的最小着火温度有相对应关系，研究结论可为以上4个煤矿的具体煤样研究和数据分析提供参考依据。     

煤质粉末活性炭自燃和热稳定性分析

针对煤质粉末活性炭最显著的热危险特性——自燃危险性进行试验。采用粉尘层最低着火温度测定系统对煤质粉末活性炭进行自燃试验,测定煤质粉末活性炭的最低着火温度;采用SDT Q600热重分析仪测定煤质粉末活性炭在氮气和空气气氛中以20℃/min的速率升温至700℃时的热解和燃烧特性,通过TG/DTG曲线计算其着火温度,并进行热稳定性评价。粉尘层自燃试验结果表明,煤质粉末活性炭最低着火温度为400℃,具有自燃危险性,易形成阴燃;氮气气氛中热解试验表明,热解过程经历了室温~120.0℃和280.0~700.0℃两次轻缓失重阶段,646.44℃时挥发分热失重速率最大,对应热失重速率峰值为0.082 6%/℃,自燃危险性较低;空气气氛中燃烧试验表明,燃烧过程经历了室温~95.5℃和300.0~600.0℃两次剧烈失重阶段,分别为吸附水分受热蒸发和氧化生成的有机官能团分解脱附导致,565.35℃时挥发分热失重速率最大,对应热失重速率峰值为13.20%/min,粉末较强的氧气吸附效应和较低的导热系数导致其自燃倾向较高,火灾危险性较大。     

Inhibiting effect of inhibitors on ignition sensitivity of wood dust

Wood products are easy to produce dust in the production and processing process, and have a serious explosion risk. In order to improve the safety of wood products production, the inhibiting effects of magnesium hydroxide (MTH), SiO₂, melamine polyphosphate (MPP) on the minimum ignition energy (MIE) and minimum ignition temperature (MIT) of wood dust were experimentally studied. The results showed that the inhibiting effects of inhibitors on the MIE of wood dust show the order of MPP > SiO₂>MTH. The order of the inhibiting effects on the MIT of wood dust was MPP > MTH > SiO_2. When 10% MPP was added to wood dust, the time when the flame appears (T_appear) and the time when the flame reaches the top of the glass tube (T_top) obviously rose to 80, 140 ms. Therefore, MPP had the best inhibiting effect on the ignition sensitivity of wood dust.According to thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests, the introduction of MPP leaded to lower maximum mass loss rate (MMLR), higher temperature corresponding to mass loss of 90% (T_0.1), residual mass and heat absorption. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR) results showed that MPP produced H₂O (g) and NH₃ (g) during the thermal decomposition process, which diluted the oxygen.