复合微生物制剂在垃圾渗滤液处理中的应用

以南京溧水县垃圾填埋场的渗滤液为研究对象,选取NH3-N、TP和COD为评价指标,通过渗滤液pH、曝气时间、反应时间和投加量的改变,研究复合微生物菌剂对垃圾渗滤液中有机物、氨氮和磷的影响。结果表明:微生物制剂最适投加量为V菌/V水为1/5 000~1/2 000,最适反应时间为48~60 h,曝气时间为36~48 h,pH为7.5~8.5。通过正交实验确定最佳反应条件为:投加量V菌/V水为1/2 000,反应时间为48 h,曝气时间为36 h,pH为8。复合微生物菌剂对有机物、氨氮和磷有较好的降解能力。     

混凝法处理垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液的试验研究

采用絮凝沉淀法对垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液进行了处理,探讨了絮凝剂种类、絮凝剂投加量、絮凝剂和助凝剂的配比对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,FeSO4,Al2（SO4）3,PAC和PAM这几种混凝剂对所处理废水的COD和UV254都有一定的去除效果,其中FeSO4和PAM联合使用时的处理效果最好。在FeSO4投加量为400 mg/L,PAM投加量为6 mg/L,pH为7.7的条件下,废水的COD从3790 mg/L降到606 mg/L,去除率可达84%,UV254去除率达到52%,大大降低了垃圾渗滤液后续处理的负荷,为垃圾浓缩液的初步处理提供了新的参考方向。     

生物活性炭投加量对垃圾渗滤液处理效果的影响

试验对比了不同生物活性炭(biological activated carbon,BAC)投加量对垃圾渗滤液去除COD效果的影响.每升活性污泥中活性炭投加量为0、100、300 g的反应器处理垃圾渗滤液100个周期平均COD去除率分别为12.9%、19.6%、27.7%,表明BAC可以去除部分难降解有机物,并且COD去除率与投加量呈正相关关系.曝气8 h反应器中二氧化碳(CO2)产生量依次为109、193、306 mg,表明生物分解量也与投加量呈正相关关系.分析认为COD去除率与投加量的正相关关系是由于吸附与生物再生的共同作用导致,生物再生是BAC能够生物分解难降解有机物的根本原因.     

共沉淀法处理垃圾渗滤液研究

对辽宁省鞍山市某生活垃圾卫生填埋场的晚期垃圾渗滤液进行预处理,选择MgO和磷矿粉两种矿物,利用共沉淀法去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮,用于制备磷铵镁复合肥,实现垃圾渗滤液的资源化利用。实验结果如下:MgO与磷矿粉配合使用,能够较好地去除垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮。采用MgO、磷矿粉共沉淀法生成磷铵镁复合肥具有可行性,同时可为后续生化处理创造良好的条件;在给定条件下(氨氮浓度1200 mg/L,COD 3180 mg/L),垃圾渗滤液COD去除的最优实验条件为MgO添加量5.0 g/L、磷矿粉添加量100 g/L,反应时间4 h,处理后COD去除率为62.1%,氨氮去除率为87.5%;氨氮去除的最优实验条件为MgO添加量10 g/L、磷矿粉添加量60 g/L、反应时间4 h,处理后COD去除率为42.1%,氨氮去除率为96.1%。     

硫酸铝对垃圾渗滤液处理效果的实验研究

本文选用硫酸铝作为絮凝剂处理垃圾渗滤液,考察了投加量、搅拌时间、pH值和温度4个因素,研究其对垃圾渗滤液中COD去除效果的影响。实验结果表明反应最佳条件为:絮凝剂投加量为16g/L,pH值为6,温度为40℃,搅拌时间为15min,此时色度明显减弱,COD的去除率可达到79.8%。     

垃圾渗滤液两级DTRO浓缩液生物蒸发处理研究

以生物膜海绵为微生物载体和膨胀剂,餐厨垃圾为补充碳源,生物蒸发处理垃圾渗滤液两级DTRO浓缩液.同时优化了生物蒸发过程中的COD浓度、最佳通风速率和每轮的投加量.结果表明:生物蒸发处理垃圾渗滤液浓缩液是可行的,且COD浓度越高,生物蒸发效果越佳,当COD浓度为160g/L时,四轮堆体最高温为72℃,水分总去除率为85.2%;虽然低风速堆体温度相对较高,但水分去除相对较少.所以综合堆体温度及水分去除效果,选择通风速率为0.5L/min作为生物蒸发最佳风速;混合液投加量为85%时水分和VS的去除效果最佳,所以选择最佳投加量为85%.     

MCMP制剂与生物膜法联合处理垃圾渗滤液的试验研究

采用单因素试验分析了多功能复合微生物制剂MCMP处理垃圾渗滤液的反应条件,结果表明：投加MCMP能促进渗滤液COD、NH3-N、TP的去除,在反应时间72 h,间歇曝气36h,接种量（VMCMP：V水）为1/8000,进水pH值8时处理效果较好,去除率分别达到37.56%、72.74%、51.56%。MCMP技术与生物膜法联合处理垃圾渗滤液的试验表明：同单纯使用MCMP菌处理渗滤液相比,以陶粒为填料的MCMP生物膜系统,对TP的去除效果有明显提高,去除率达到65.23%,对COD和NH3-N去除率影响不显著。     

催化臭氧氧化预处理垃圾渗滤液

采用浸渍法制备载铜活性炭催化剂,系统地研究了催化氧化法对垃圾渗滤液中的COD和氨氮去除效果,对臭氧氧化和催化臭氧氧化效率进行了对比。在该方法下制备的催化剂中,活性组分金属铜的含量为2.89%。结果表明:在投加催化剂的情况下,COD的去除效率可得到显著提高。实验结果表明:处理COD为4980mg/L,氨氮为2100mg/L的垃圾渗滤液废水,在室温、pH为3、反应时间为120min、催化剂投加量为150g/L、臭氧的流量为5.2mg/min的条件下,废水中的COD及氨氮的去除率分别达到达81.9%和99.04%。     

微波催化氧化法预处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

采用微波-活性炭-Fenton催化氧化预处理垃圾渗滤液,研究了不同因素对垃圾渗滤液处理效果的影响.结果表明,COD和氨氮去除率随活性炭用量、微波辐射时间和微波功率增加而增加;随Fe2+用量和H2O2用量增加,COD和氨氮去除率先增加而后下降;随pH值增加,氨氮去除率显著增加,COD去除率变化不明显.在微波功率为300W,pH值为8,活性炭9g/L,Fe2+用量为0.02mol/L,H2O2用量为7mL/L,辐射时间6min条件下,垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮去除率分别达到68.22%和78.08%,SS去除率达到78.55%,浑浊度去除率达到99.02%,颜色由黑褐色去除为接近无色,BOD5/COD由0.21提高到0.45;研究比较了不同处理对垃圾渗滤液的处理效果.结果显示,微波催化氧化对垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮去除率明显高于其他处理.     

铁碳微电解/Fenton试剂联合处理垃圾渗滤液研究

垃圾渗滤液水量、水质波动大,污染强度高,处理困难且费用较高,以扬州市某垃圾填埋场渗滤液为研究对象,采用两种微电解-Fenton组合工艺对垃圾渗滤液进行处理.重点考察了反应时间、H2O2投加量和pH值等因素对渗滤液的处理效果.结果表明:(1)微电解-Fenton组合Ⅰ:当pH值为4.0,H2O2投加量为3 mi/L,反应时间为90 min时,COD去除率达到64.3％,氨氮的去除率为65.9％;(2)微电解-Fenton组合Ⅱ:当pH值为4.0,H2O2投加量为1.0 mL/L,反应时间为90 min时,COD去除率达到71.3％,氨氮的去除率为83.9％.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.