景观格局对河流水质影响的尺度效应Meta分析

景观格局决定了陆域污染物的源汇过程,是影响河流水质状况的关键因素.由于尺度效应,不同尺度下景观格局与河流水质关系的研究结果不尽相同.然而,景观格局对河流水质影响的尺度效应问题尚缺乏系统研究.收集了国内外4 041条研究数据,采用Meta分析法定量分析了不同尺度下景观格局对河流水质的作用特征,识别了影响河流水质的关键时间和空间尺度以及景观指数.结果表明,相对于降水事件、平水期和年际尺度,丰水期下景观格局对河流水质的影响最大;相对于流域尺度,缓冲区尺度的景观格局对河流水质的影响更大;丰水期-缓冲区尺度是景观格局影响河流水质的关键时空耦合尺度.与耕地、水域、草地以及流域整体景观相比,林地和城镇用地的景观格局对河流水质的影响更大;破碎度是影响河流水质最重要的景观格局因子.在河流水质治理中,应重点考虑缓冲区的景观配置,增加缓冲区林地面积、减少林地和水域的斑块密度和减少城镇用地的面积占比和聚集度,以有效保护河流水质.     

密云水库上游白河地表水质对不同空间尺度景观格局特征的响应

基于密云水库上游北京境内白河段9个监测断面的水质数据,利用多元统计分析方法分析不同空间尺度（100、200、300、500和1000 m）河岸带缓冲区土地利用景观格局特征与水质总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的关联性,识别水质对景观特征响应的最佳缓冲区尺度.结果表明,密云水库上游北京境内白河周边土地利用景观格局对水质的影响随着河岸缓冲区不同宽度的变化而不同,在河岸小尺度缓冲区表现得更明显,对水质TN和TP空间分异解释的最佳尺度分别为300 m和100 m河岸缓冲区.300 m缓冲区尺度,耕地斑块密度和草地聚集指数是影响河流TN的主要指数.100 m缓冲区尺度,城乡居民点面积比例对河流TP影响显著.该研究表明,优化河岸缓冲区300 m宽度范围内的景观格局,特别是耕地和林草地的合理配置提高农业景观的连通性和聚集度以及岸边城乡居民点面积与污染物排放控制,对于改善北京境内白河段河流水质的生态功能和保障密云水库饮用水安全十分重要.     

浑太河流域多尺度土地利用/景观格局与水质响应关系初步分析

选取浑太河流域为研究对象,采用GIS、相关性分析、多元线性回归分析等多种数理统计分析技术,从子流域和河岸缓冲区尺度分析了土地利用、景观格局对河流水质的影响。结果表明:农业用地面积比例在子流域和1000m河岸缓冲区尺度与NH4+-N、TN、BOD5和COND呈正相关;林地用地面积比例在子流域尺度和河岸缓冲区尺度均与CODMn呈负相关,在300m、400m、1000m河岸缓冲区尺度与TN呈负相关,在1000m河岸缓冲区尺度与COND呈负相关,在子流域与1000m河岸缓冲区尺度与NO3-呈正相关;草地在子流域尺度与NH4+-N、TN、TP、Chl、CODMn呈正相关;建设用地面积比例在子流域尺度与BOD5、COND、TN呈正相关。CONTAG在河岸带缓冲区尺度与COND、TN呈正相关,在子流域和河岸缓冲区尺度与均CODMn均呈正相关,在河岸缓冲区尺度与NO3-呈负相关;PD在子流域尺度上与TN呈正相关,ED在子流域尺度上与NO3-呈正相关,与NH4+呈负相关;SHDI在子流域与河岸缓冲区尺度与NO3-均呈负相关。相对于河岸缓冲区尺度,土地利用类型在子流域尺度上对水质的影响更为显著,表现在调整判定系数Adjusted R2更大。而景观格局指数中对水质影响最大的是CONTAG,相对于子流域尺度,CONTAG在缓冲区尺度上影响更为显著。     

密云水库上游流域不同尺度景观特征对水质的影响

选取北京市饮用水源地——密云水库上游流域为研究区,采用空间分析、冗余分析与多元线性回归等多种方法,识别不同空间尺度及季节变化下景观格局与水质的相关关系.研究结果表明,研究区河流水质与流域景观特征显著相关,景观变量能够解释水质变异的58%.子流域面积对水质的影响最大,其他影响变量依次为居民用地比例、林地比例及聚集度指数.季节性流量变化与人为活动的强度对景观与水质关系有很大的影响;雨季前景观对水质的影响最弱,雨季中景观对水质的解释能力最强,雨季后景观对水质的影响减弱,略大于雨季前.岸边带尺度景观对于水质的解释能力要大于流域尺度.通过比较50m,100m,150m,300m4个尺度岸边带景观对水质的影响,发现100m宽岸边带内景观与水质关系最为显著.研究结果对岸边缓冲带的设计及水污染的控制具有指导意义.     

土地利用结构与空间格局对鄱阳湖流域中小河流水质的影响

为揭示土地利用结构与空间格局对中小河流水质的影响机制,于2022年1月与2022年7月在鄱阳湖流域3条中小河流的25个采样点收集水样.采用Bioenv分析、Mantel检验与方差分解量化不同空间尺度的土地利用结构与空间格局对水质的影响,使用广义加性模型拟合水质与土地利用结构与空间格局的关系,广义线性模型构建分段回归模型,并基于逐步递归法计算阈值.结果表明：①土地利用结构与空间格局对河流水质的平均解释率在丰水期（59.72%）大于枯水期（48.95%）;子流域与河岸100 m是土地利用结构与空间格局影响中小河流水质的关键尺度,平均解释率分别为54.70%和64.88%;土地利用结构与空间格局的共同解释部分是驱动河流水质变化的重要因素,占总解释率的66.90%.②土地利用结构对中小河流水质的影响具有显著的阈值效应,当子流域尺度下建设用地占比低于2%、耕地占比低于8%和林地占比高于82%,河岸缓冲区尺度下建设用地占比低于12%、耕地占比低于41%和林地占比高于49%时,均能明显改善水质.③空间格局对中小河流水质的影响也具有阈值效应但弱于土地利用结构,当子流域尺度下斑块形状值大于28.77和斑块多样性大于0.69,河岸缓冲区尺度下斑块形状值大于2.99和斑块多样性大于1.02时,均能改善水质.以上结果表明,加强对子流域与河岸100 m尺度的土地利用的管理,合理规划土地利用结构与空间格局能够有效地防止水质恶化.     

九龙江流域土地利用/景观格局-水质的初步关联分析

选取哑热带中尺度流域九龙江为研究对象,运用空间分析与统计分析方法,从全流域和河岸缓冲区尺度分别建立了九龙江流域2002年和2007年土地利用、景观格局与河流水质的关联.结果表明,2002年和2007年土地利用/景观格局-水质的关联基本一致,表现为建设用地面积比例与BOD5、NO3--N、NH4+-N和高锰酸盐指数呈负相...     

土地利用结构与空间格局对袁河水质的影响

于2018年7月和2019年1月在袁河干流及支流38个采样点采集水样,测定营养盐离子及重金属等14项水质指标.同时,采用Bioenv分析、Mantle检验与方差分解等方法,揭示土地利用结构与空间格局在子流域和缓冲区对水质变化的影响机制,并基于层次分割理论探讨不同土地利用类型的空间格局特征对水质的影响.结果表明：①袁河流域重金属污染不显著,氮、磷营养盐是水体主要污染物,水质变化具有河段差异,上游污染物浓度低于中、下游.②空间格局在在近距离缓冲区（100 m、300 m）对水质变化的解释率最高（63%）,土地利用结构在远距离缓冲区（3000 m）和子流域尺度对水质变化的解释率最高（33%）,二者交互作用在过渡带（500 m、1000 m）对水质变化的解释率最高（56%）.③在近距离缓冲区和过渡带,单一土地利用类型的空间格局对水质变化的解释能力依次为：林地 > 农田 > 建设用地;在远距离缓冲区为：农田≈林地>建设用地;在子流域依次为：农田 > 林地 > 建设用地.其中,林地的连通性特征（ENN_MN指数）、农田的边缘密度特征（ED指数）和建设用地的形状特征（LPI、LSI指数）是影响水质变化的关键特征,占各自空间格局解释率的37.8%、31.2%、53.8%.以上结果表明,土地利用结构与空间格局是驱动袁河水质变化的重要因素,加强1000 m缓冲区尺度土地利用的管理对保护流域水质具有重要意义.     

中田河流域景观异质性对水体总氮浓度影响研究

土地利用变化使输移至河流的营养盐负荷发生变化从而导致地表水水质变化.研究景观异质性对营养负荷的影响程度对改善水质的最佳管理措施至关重要.本研究从2013年1~12月,对中田河流域干支流水系20个监测点的地表水总氮浓度进行了周年定点监测,考虑到流域单元的嵌套关系,选择7个土地利用结构和13个景观格局指数,探讨了景观异质性对中田河流域水体总氮浓度的影响.研究表明:1建设用地和草地对总氮浓度有重大影响,表现为建设用地会恶化水质,而草地可以改善水质;2景观斑块-形状指数、景观斑块-面积指数和建设用地是景观尺度上影响流域总氮浓度的主要因素;3回归分析进一步显示建设用地和景观斑块-面积指数对总氮浓度的贡献分别是67.31%和32.69%.     

湖南水府庙水库流域景观格局与水质特征关系分析

以湖南水府庙水库流域为例,在土地利用类型遥感解译结果以及水质监测数据基础上,选用景观和斑块类型2个水平上的景观指数,采用Pearson相关分析法、典范式对应分析法等方法分析了该流域内景观格局特征,并探讨了景观格局与河流水质指标特征之间的关系。结果表明:1)研究区土地利用类型与河流水质指标显著相关,其中,林地面积所占比例与多数污染指标呈显著负相关;耕地、建设用地面积所占比例与各污染指标呈正相关。2)景观格局在景观和斑块类型水平上对水质的影响表现出差异性,其中斑块破碎度在2个水平上对水质的影响均较大;斑块形状的复杂程度与水质指标无明确相关性。3)景观格局在流域尺度上对水质影响的异质性表现在土地利用类型的空间分布以及各种景观类型的空间格局特征对河流中污染物源、汇的贡献和迁移转化影响的差异性。     

河湟谷地不同时空尺度下土地利用及空间格局对水质的影响

基于青海省河湟谷地湟源县、互助土族自治县和民和回族土族自治县内湟水河各级支流平水期和丰水期实测水质数据,结合遥感技术和数理统计等方法,分析土地利用结构及其空间格局对区域季节性水质的影响.结果表明：①河湟谷地地表水中总氮、总磷浓度偏高,Ⅳ和Ⅴ类水质多集中于河流下游和各支流交汇处.②河湟谷地平水期土地利用对水质的解释率高于丰水期,平水期最优尺度为200 m缓冲区,耕地和城镇为主要的影响因子;丰水期最优尺度为5 km缓冲区尺度,主要的影响因子为林地.③平水期耕地面积占比与总氮、高锰酸盐指数浓度呈正相关,而与总磷浓度呈负相关;城镇面积占比与污染物浓度基本呈正相关;丰水期草地面积占比与河流高锰酸盐指数呈正相关;林地面积占比在两个时期均与污染物浓度呈负相关.耕地、草地和城镇是污染物"源"景观,但耕地在一定程度上也起到拦截污染物的作用;林地是污染物的"汇"景观.④平水期200 m缓冲区尺度下林地空间格局对水质的解释率较高,其中LPI （最大斑块占景观面积比例）和PD （斑块密度）等指标为主要的影响因子,与污染物浓度呈负相关.研究表明,合理规划居民用地和耕地面积占比,提高河岸带周边的林地覆盖率及聚集度,是净化河湟谷地地表水水质的重要措施.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.