渤海江豚体内有机氯的研究

1990年采于辽东湾的10头江豚标本,分别测定体脂、肌肉夏肝脏中的有机氯农药,DDT的平均求度分别为2.015、0.231及0.409μg/wet g,BBC的平均浓度分别为0.696、0.090及0.184μg/wet g,DDT的浓度变化范围分别为0.365～2.732、0.024～0.509及0.054～1.112μg/wet g,BHC的浓度变化范围分别为0.190～0.917、0.014-0.191及0.027～0.484μg/wet g。在雌性中,体脂中DDT和BHG的浓度随年龄增加到4龄左右,然后随年龄增加而降低。勃海江琢体脂中DDT和BHC的浓度比黄海江豚体脂中的低。     

苏州河水及沉积物中有机氯农药的分布与归宿

利用 GC-ECD 对上海市境内苏州河表层水体和沉积物中的 20 种有机氯农药进行了测定.结果表明,有机氯农药在表层水体和沉积物中的含量范围分别为 0.158～0.527μg/L, 27.27～82.06ng/g,市区段含量高于郊区段.组分分布特征分析表明,当前水体和沉积物中的 DDTs 和BHCs 主要为环境中的早期残留,郊区段水体近期输入的 BHCs 与上游的林丹使用有关;水体和沉积物中有机氯农药含量的空间分布具有较好的相关性,沉积物的二次释放是水体中有机氯农药的主要来源;沉积物是水环境中有机氯农药的重要归宿;表层水体中 DDTs 和 BHCs 均未超过地表水环境质量标准;与其它地区相比较,苏州河沉积物中有机氯农药含量较高,存在较高的生态风险.     

珠江澳门河口沉积物柱样中有机氯农药的垂直分布特征

以GC/ECD内标法定量测定了沉积物柱样品中有机氯农药含量 ,以便探讨柱样中有机氯农药的垂直变化特征及可能的来源 .样品采自珠江澳门河口 ,柱样以2 10 Pb同位素法定年 .定量测定结果表明以BHCs、DDTs总量计算时 ,样品中含量分别为 0 4 8～ 2 6 2 8ng/ g、1 92～ 39 1 3ng/ g .柱样中农药含量随深度变化和珠江口区的水域水流量随年份的变化有着很好的对应性 .有机氯农药主要是来源于施用农药长期风化后的土壤 .样品中DDTs的浓度超过了河口沉积物化学品风险评价最低值标准 .     

鄱阳湖康山和湖口水域鱼、贝类体内有机氯农药残留现状

为了解鄱阳湖生物体内有机氯农药的残留和富集状况,分析了康山水域的2种鱼类和1种贝类以及湖口水域的3种鱼类和3种贝类体内的六六六(BHCs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)和六氯苯(HCB)的质量分数. 结果表明:康山水域鱼、贝类体内w(BHCs)为0.04～1.53 μg/kg(平均值为0.282 μg/kg),w(DDTs)为0.09～5.38 μg/kg(平均值为1.856 μg/kg),w(HCB)为0.075～0.55 μg/kg(平均值为0.210 μg/kg);湖口水域鱼、贝类体内w(BHCs)为nd～0.43 μg/kg(平均值为0.168 μg/kg),w(DDTs)为0.56～18.76 μg/kg(平均值为4.172 μg/kg),w(HCB)为0.15～1.28 μg/kg(平均值为0.723 μg/kg). DDTs和HCB的检出率和质量分数显著高于BHCs,其中p,p′-DDE和α-BHC分别为DDTs和BHCs的优势组分. 所检测样品的残留水平均未超过我国农业部、美国食品与药品管理局(FDA)和联合国粮农组织(FAO)颁布的标准.      

北部湾海域江豚体有机氯农药和多氯联苯的含量及分布

对北部湾海域江豚的肌肉、肝脏、胰脏、心脏、肺脏、肾脏、胃和肠管道等器官组织样品中的持久性有机污染物滴滴涕(DDTs)、六六六(HCHs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量进行测定.结果显示,江豚各器官组织中未检出PCBs、HCHs和DDTs的一种同分异构体o,p'-DDT.DDTs的其他5种同分异构体p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDT、p,p'-DDD、o,p'-DDD和o,p'-DDE的平均浓度分别为0.133×10-6、0.102×10-6、0.097×10-6、0.014×10-6和0.006×10-6干重,DDTs浓度范围分别是(0～1.121)×10-6干重.与长江、渤海和黄海江豚比较,北部湾海域江豚体内DDTs、HCHs和PCBs的含量最低(除肝脏外)或未检出,说明该地区海域受持久性有机污染物的污染程度相对较轻.     

黄浦江表层沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征及风险评价

用双柱GC/ECD对黄浦江表层沉积物中的20种有机氯农药进行了分析 沉积物中总有机氯农药含量范围为2.65～19.54ng/g ,含量较高的组分有DDTs、BHCs、甲氧氯和狄氏剂等,DDTs含量高于BHCs ,含量范围分别为0.68～4.43ng/g和0.14～0.77ng/g 从上游到下游沉积物中有机氯农药含量呈升高趋势,说明工业污染及苏州河对黄浦江中下游水环境中的有机氯农药具有较大的输入贡献.有机氯农药组分分布特征研究表明,当前沉积物中的有机氯农药主要来自于早期残留或是施用农药长期风化后的土壤.相关性分析表明,总有机碳是影响沉积物中有机氯农药分布的重要因素.与其它地区相比较,黄浦江沉积物中有机氯农药含量较低.与沉积物风险评估值相比较,黄浦江中下游沉积物存在一定的生态风险.     

北部湾海域江豚体内有机氯农药和多氯联苯的含量及分布

对北部湾海域江豚的肌肉、肝脏、胰脏、心脏、肺脏、肾脏、胃和肠管道等器官组织样品中的持久性有机污染物滴滴涕（DDTs）、六六六（HCHs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）的含量进行测定。结果显示,江豚各器官组织中未检出PCBs、HCHs和DDTs的一种同分异构体o,p＇-DDT。DDTs的其他5种同分异构体p,p＇-DDE、p,p＇-DDT、p,p＇-DDD、o,p＇-DDD和o,p＇-DDE的平均浓度分别为0．133×10^-6、0．102×10^-6、0．097×10^-6、0．014×10^-6和0．006×10^-6干重,DDTs浓度范围分别是（0—1．121）×10^-6干重。与长江、渤海和黄海江豚比较,北部湾海域江豚体内DDTs、HCHs和PCBs的含量最低（除肝脏外）或未检出,说明该地区海域受持久性有机污染物的污染程度相对较轻。     

黄海江豚肝,肾,心,肌肉组织中汞的累积水平

作者从江苏吕泗采集到16头中国黄海江豚,测定了其肝脏、肾脏、心脏和肌肉四种组织中汞的含量。结果表明汞主要分布在肝脏中,其次为肾脏、肌肉和心脏。浓度范围分别是0.314-34.8(×10-6),0.756～3.01(×10-6),0.388～0.711(×10-6),0.062～0.377(×10-6),平均值分别为10.2×10-6,1.74×10-6,0.388×10-6和0.Z39×10-6。中国黄海江豚肝脏中和肌肉组织中汞的含量低于加拿大芬地湾和北海的鼠海豚。这四种组织中,汞的浓度随年龄、体长、体重的增加而增加,不随性别而变化。     

废弃农药厂拆除过程对周边土壤DDTs污染影响

分4批次分别采集某废弃农药厂拆除前和拆除后周边土壤,研究土壤中DDTs含量、分布和组成的变化特征.结果表明,拆除1个月后,土壤中DDTs残留量（平均为334ng/g）明显大于拆除前（平均为97.0ng/g）,之后土壤中DDTs的残留量明显下降.拆除前,周边土壤中以p,p'-DDE和p,p'-DDD为主,平均浓度分别为35.6和31.0ng/g;拆除后以p,p'-DDT为主要残留污染物,平均浓度为289ng/g,较拆除前（9.69ng/g）增长了28.9倍.来源分析表明,农药厂拆除前周边土壤中DDTs的污染主要受厂区内历史工业品DDTs生产和农田使用的三氯杀螨醇共同影响,而拆除过程周边土壤DDTs污染的贡献主要来自于厂区内工业品DDTs的挥发.在空间分布上,拆除前和拆除后整体上西部区域土壤的污染程度高于东部区域.     

长江口南岸水体SPM和表层沉积物中OCPs的赋存

利用GC-ECD对长江口南岸14个采样点水体悬浮颗粒物(SPM)及表层沉积物进行了有机氯农药(OCPs)的测定,分析了其中HCHs和DDTs的赋存水平和形态分布.研究表明,OCPs的含量水平有DDTs>HCHs的趋势;悬浮物中污染物浓度高于表层沉积物.悬浮物中HCHs污染水平分布在6.24～14.75ng/g,平均值为12.27ng/g;DDTs的污染水平为3.36～25.66ng/g,平均值为16.37ng/g.而表层沉积物中HCHs含量为1.19～8.22ng/g,平均值5.92ng/g;DDTs的含量水平为4.96～14.94ng/g,平均值为8.92ng/g.研究区内OCPs的含量低于ER-M值,对环境生物具有潜在的危害性.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.