湖北省硅肥在水稻、黄瓜、花生上的应用效果

湖北省自1987年以来开展了水稻、黄瓜、花生等作物硅肥应用研究，水稻增产4.3％-16.4％，黄瓜3.6％-9.1％，花生13.6％-40.2％,增产均达显著或极显著水平;施用硅肥能提高作物抗倒伏和抗病能力.水稻氮、硅配合施用.提高氮肥利用率2％左右.     

钙镁磷肥与有机物料配施对作物镉铅吸收的控制效果

通过田间定位试验,采用钙镁磷肥(G)、泥碳(P)、猪粪(M)、钙镁磷肥+泥碳(GP)、钙镁磷肥+猪粪(GM)等处理对福建省龙岩市新罗区特钢厂附近的污染田进行改良。试验表明,大部分处理能提高土壤的pH值;处理钙镁磷肥、钙镁磷肥+泥碳和钙镁磷肥+猪粪对提高作物产量均有显著效果;大部分处理能抑制水稻、花生对镉铅的吸收;说明通过调节土壤pH值,改变土壤重金属活性是有机-中性化改良技术的主要机理。     

土壤重金属复合污染对作物的影响

本文采用盆栽试验，研究了石灰性土壤中铜、镍、铅、锌复合污染对大豆和水稻的影响，并讨论了离子冲量在表征复合污染的综合效应及污染金属总量控制中的应用。结果表明：对于水稻，共存元素协同使产量降低，它们的影响顺序是：铜＞锌＞镍＞铅；对于大豆，铜、铅、锌的存在降低了镍的毒性，影响顺序了：铜＞铅＞锌＞镍。供试元素在作物体内的累积、分布和迁移除了受到本身性质和添加量影响外，还受到元素相互作用的影响，后者的影响很     

砖红壤添加铜对作物生长和残留的影响

本文对广东湛江地区砖红壤性水稻土,进行铜(CuCl_2)的不同添加浓度对水稻和花生作物生长发育和残留影响的盆栽试验研究。结果表明,在玄武岩成土母质发育的较高铜背景土壤上(46.5mg/kg),添加金属铜浓度在200mg/kg范围内,无论对水稻或花生,仍未出现对产量的不良影响,反而有一定的促进作用。从作物食用部分的残留量与土壤浓度的相关性来看,花生显著,而水稻不明显。最后建议277mg/kg土壤铜浓度作为砖红壤性水稻土的临界浓度。     

小麦/花生不同间作方式对花生吸收积累Cd的影响

为明确间作小麦对花生吸收积累镉(Cd)的影响,采用温室盆栽试验,研究了PVC管阻隔、尼龙网阻隔、混作等3种种植方式下两个花生品种的积累特征.结果表明,3种间隔方式相比,缺铁土壤中尼龙网阻隔处理的白沙1016和花育20植株Cd含量均显著高于其他处理,根系部分Cd含量分别达到9.28 mg·kg-1和9.83 mg·kg-1,地上部分Cd含量分别为1.51 mg·kg-1和2.25 mg·kg-1.研究结果说明,在排除两种作物根系竞争的前提下,小麦根系分泌物可以活化土壤中的Cd,促进花生对Cd的吸收.不论土壤缺铁与否,两品种花生根系部分Cd含量顺序均为:尼龙网阻隔>PVC管阻隔>混作,品种之间差异不显著.在缺铁土壤中花生Cd的积累量顺序为:尼龙网阻隔>PVC管阻隔>混作.在两种作物混作模式下,小麦Cd积累量与花生Cd积累量呈负相关的关系,说明小麦和花生会竞争吸收土壤中的Cd.两个品种花生在缺铁混作处理中Cd的迁移率最大,分别为11.7%和12.2%.研究结果显示,在相对狭小的根系生长空间内,间作小麦会对花生吸收Cd产生较强的竞争作用,然而土壤缺铁导致小麦分泌的麦根酸类植物铁载体能够活化土壤中的Cd.可以推测,在土壤缺铁条件下,大田种植的小麦/花生间、套种体系中的花生籽粒仍然存在着一定的Cd污染风险.     

油料作物对土壤老化残留DDT的吸收积累

油料作物对亲脂性DDT的吸收富集能力是否会更强是一个值得研究的问题。采用DDT老化残留土壤,温室盆栽油料作物花生(Arachishypogaea),大豆(Glycinemax)和芝麻(Sesamumindicum)。果实成熟后将植株分成根、茎、果壳和果仁四部分,GC-ECD测定各部位中的DDT浓度。研究了油料作物对土壤老化残留DDT的吸收积累情况,结果表明,∑DDT在三种作物不同部位中的浓度顺序都是:根>茎>果壳>果仁。含油量高的花生果仁和芝麻果仁中∑DDT浓度都明显高于大豆果仁的∑DDT浓度,这种差异有可能是由果仁含油量的差异造成的。单株植物吸收积累∑DDT的总量顺序为:花生>芝麻>大豆。花生、大豆和芝麻三种作物的根和茎的生物富集系数都比较高,特别是花生的,说明这三种油料作物根部从土壤中吸收积累老化残留DDT的能力以及从根部向茎部运输DDT的能力都是相当强的。     

玉米-花生混作系统中的氮铁营养效应

采用盆栽试验的方法研究了不同施氮水平和种间相互作用对花生铁营养、根瘤固氮能力以及系统氮营养的影响。结果表明,在本试验种植密度下,施氮水平和种植方式对下针期单株花生生物量无显著影响。在不同施氮水平下,玉米-花生混作不仅均显著改善了花生铁营养,而且玉米对氮素的大量吸收显著降低了混作花生根际土壤硝态氮的质量分数,从而使得花生根瘤数增加,根瘤固氮酶活性增强。混作花生铁营养受混作玉米氮营养及作物发育状况的影响较大,并且下针期花生固氮酶活性受施氮抑制及花生铁营养改善的促进。这说明,根际土壤硝态氮的质量分数的降低和花生铁营养的改善是石灰性土壤上花生固氮能力增强的关键因素,而花生生物固氮作用的增强是该混作系统体现氮营养优势的主要原因。     

长期连续施用猪粪的旱地红壤肥力健康与花生产量研究

依托中国科学院鹰潭红壤生态实验站内一个连续施肥23 a的旱地红壤-花生作物体系长期定位试验点,重点研究长期施用猪粪对土壤酸度、有机质含量和主要养分等土壤肥力指标与健康的影响。采用由隶属度值制成的雷达图探讨旱地红壤肥力的制约因素,并采用土壤健康指数面积法定量评估土壤肥力健康指数水平,最后以连续施肥23 a后的花生产量验证土壤肥力健康指数的适用性。结果表明,连续23 a的施肥提升了花生地土壤肥力健康水平;与施用化肥相比,施用猪粪大幅降低了土壤可交换性酸度,同时提高了土壤pH值、有机质和氮磷养分含量,从而将整体土壤健康指数从0.70提高到1.20,施用猪粪处理组的花生植株总生物量与花生果粒产量分别是施用化肥组的2.84和2.28倍。因此,长期施用猪粪可有效改善旱地红壤酸度强、养分少等肥力限制条件,提高土壤肥力健康水平及作物产量。     

农业生态系统结构研究(二)

农业生态系统的平面结构 农业生态系统的平面结构,主要是指在一定的生态区域内,如何合理的安排农业生态系统中的各个种群。我们知道,在同样自然条件和社会条件下,由于种群的结构不同,它的三大效益会出现很显著的差异。比如,华北平原高产地区的一些地方,夏播作物玉米和花生在同样条件下,一般玉米亩产273公斤,花生亩产248公斤。     

施用石灰对Pb、Cd、Zn在土壤中的形态及大白菜中累积的影响

重金属的不同形态对于作物吸收重金属及受害具有十分密切的关系,通过施用石灰改变重金属的形态、毒性以及对作物的影响具有重要的意义。以大白菜(Brassica pekinensis)为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,探讨了在铅、镉和锌污染土壤上,施用石灰对土壤中不同形态镉、铅和锌含量及在大白菜中累积的影响。结果表明,施用石灰后,土壤中碳酸盐结合态Pb、Cd和Zn含量明显减少,铁、锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态Pb、Cd和Zn含量明显增加;对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn均起到较好的抑制作用,石灰用量为5g·kg-1土时,对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn的抑制效果最好。     

镉对花生苗期的毒害效应及其品种间差异

重金属在籽粒中的积累与植物对镉的生物学耐性和吸收特性有一定的内在联系。本研究通过比较不同花生（Arachis hypogaea L.）品种对镉胁迫的生物学耐性,旨在为进一步揭示花生籽粒镉积累的种内差异形成机制提供实验参数。在人工气候箱控制环境下的含镉的营养液砂培试验中,花生苗期对镉胁迫的反应具有显著的品种间遗传差异。基于植株生物量变化,可将花生的镉胁迫反应分为3种类型,即镉钝感型,品种有平度01、花育23和莱农13;敏感型,品种有中花4号、花育20、丰花3号、莱农29、豫花15和祁阳小籽;普通型,品种有湘农3010-w、湘农312、湘农55、丰花2号和湘农小果w2-7等。钝感型品种在5个加Cd水平下的茎叶干物量比对照平均降低22.8%,全株生物量平均降低11.7%;敏感型品种茎叶干物量平均降低38.0%,全株生物量降低29.2%;普通型品种茎叶干物量平均降低33.2%,全株生物量降低25.1%。随着Cd质量浓度提高和暴露时间延长,花生叶片的叶绿素质量分数显著降低,叶片和根系丙二醛质量分数及细胞膜透性显著提高,与钝感型品种相比,敏感型品种的上述生理指标变化速率较高,而且随着镉暴露时间延长,两者之间的差异性持续扩大。     

秸秆覆盖对旱地红壤水分动态变化的影响

在中国科学院红壤生态实验站的猕猴桃园上进行秸秆覆盖改进方法的试验．结果表明，旱地红壤覆盖秸秆后再覆±5-10cm，与原来单纯覆盖秸秆相比，在干旱季节表层土壤水分含量可增加1．5％，凋萎含水量出现几率减少8％，抗旱效果大大增强，是一种值得推广的防旱措施．另外，与对照相比，深翻0．8m对改善土壤水分状况也有明显效果．不同覆盖物的试验结果表明，覆盖草本植物残体，在改善表层土壤水分状况、提高作物产量上的效果优于覆盖秸秆植物残体，建议在应用诸如玉米等稿秆作物的秸秆进行覆盖时应进行切碎处理并适当配施无机肥料．     

Impact of generated solar radiation on simulated crop growth and yield

The availability of observed daily solar radiation (OSR) is restricted to recent years. Its estimation through different methods is necessary to develop long-term data sets for agricultural and environmental applications. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of using generated daily solar radiation (GSR) on simulated growth and yield of cotton, maize, and peanut. Nine locations representing Georgia's major crop belt were selected. Daily weather data from the Georgia Automated Environmental Monitoring Network (AEMN), including solar radiation, maximum and minimum temperature, and precipitation, were duplicated. The OSR was removed from one set and then generated using a stochastic procedure. The Cropping System Models (CSM)-CROPGRO-Cotton, CERES-Maize, and CROPGRO-Peanut of the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) v4 were used to simulate crop growth and yield at each location with both OSR and GSR and for rainfed and irrigated conditions. The statistical analysis included summary statistics, Pearson's coefficient of correlation, mean squared deviation (MSD) and its components, namely: squared bias (SB), squared difference between standard deviations (SDSD), lack of correlation weighted by the standard deviations (LCS), and regressions. Within locations, for the three crops under rainfed and irrigated conditions, GSR did not significantly affect simulated total evapotranspiration and aboveground biomass and yields. For the three crops, deviations of simulated water use and yields from GSR with respect to simulated water use and yields from OSR were lower for the rainfed than for the irrigated conditions. Yields from the CSM-CROPGRO-Cotton and -Peanut models had lower deviations than yields from the CSM-CERES-Maize model. LCS was the major component of the MSD suggesting that the extent of the difference between standard deviations of GSR and OSRG could affect the outputs of the crop models. Nevertheless, for most locations none of the MSD components of the GSR showed significant correlation with simulated yields and the overall performance of the models was not affected. It can be concluded based on the results of this study that GSR can be used as an input for crop model simulation models when OSR is not available.     

Multivariate correlation analysis of bio-accumulation with soil properties and potential health risks of cadmium and lead in rice seeds and cabbage in pollution zones,China

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - A total of 475 representative cultivated land and 435 crop samples from 11 provinces of China were collected, and lead and cadmium in 6 polluted areas by...     

Controlling annual weeds in cereals by deploying crop rotation at the landscape scale: Avena sterilis as an example

Weed control through crop rotation has mainly been studied in a nonspatial context. However, weed seeds are often spread beyond the crop field by a variety of vectors. For weed control to be successful, weed management should thus be evaluated at the landscape level. In this paper we assess how seed dispersal affects the interactions between crop rotation and landscape heterogeneity schemes with regard to weed control. A spatially explicit landscape model was developed to study both short- and long-term weed population dynamics under different management scenarios. We allowed for both two- and three-crop species rotations and three levels of between-field weed seed dispersal. All rotation scenarios and seed dispersal fractions were analyzed for both completely homogeneous landscapes and heterogeneous landscapes in which more than one crop was present. The potential of implementing new weed control methods was also analyzed. The model results suggest that, like crop rotation at the field level, crop rotation implemented at the landscape level has great potential to control weeds, whereby both the number of crop species and the cropping sequence within the crop rotation have significant effects on both the short- and long-term weed population densities. In the absence of seed dispersal, weed populations became extinct when the fraction of each crop in the landscape was randomized. In general, weed seed densities increased in landscapes with increasing similarity in crop proportions, but in these landscapes the level of seed dispersal affected which three-crop species rotation sequence was most efficient at controlling the weed densities. We show that ignoring seed dispersal between fields might lead to the selection of suboptimal tactics and that homogeneous crop field patches that follow a specific crop rotation sequence might be the most sustainable method of weed control. Effective weed control through crop rotation thus requires coordination between farmers with regard to cropping sequences, crop allocation across the landscape, and/ or the fraction of each crop across the landscape.     

黄土塬区旱作农田高生产力的水分环境效应与产量波动性

以长武生态站水肥产量效应的长期定位试验资料为基础，结合模型预测的分析方法，揭示出黄土高原旱作塬区高产农田的水分环境效应在于过度消耗土壤水库，降低土壤含水量，使作物生长转而过度依靠年度降水，出现年际产量的高波动性。指出旱作高产高波动性具有可持续性，它是当前旱作农业的基本特点。     

施用硼钼对花生硼钼吸收积累与分配的影响

取广东省几个花生主产区土壤作盆栽试验,探讨硼、钼施用对花生朋、钼的吸收、运转和积累分配的影响。结果表明,花生施用B、Mo后,各生育期和各部作的B、Mo含量和吸收量均极显著地增加：B、Mo配合施用抑制植株对B的吸收而促进其对Mo的吸收;在高P下配合施用B、Mo对植株B、Mo吸收均有一定的促进作用：植林吸收B、Mo后．B主要向叶转移．Mo主要积累花籽粒中。