某环氧乙烷精制塔爆炸事故HAZOP分析

针对某烯烃厂乙二醇装置环氧乙烷精制塔的爆炸事故,采用HAZOP分析方法对该乙二醇装置进行定性工艺危害分析,辨识该装置存在的安全隐患。针对爆炸的环氧乙烷精制塔,结合事故爆炸后果,利用HAZOP分析理念,分析环氧乙烷精制塔爆炸原因,最终提出相应的整改建议。     

蒸馏装置停工过程VOC浓度监测及排放规律

以炼油主要装置——蒸馏装置停工过程VOC排放浓度为监测研究对象,主要对蒸馏装置停工期间含油废水、初馏塔蒸塔、常压塔蒸塔、减压塔蒸塔等废气中VOC排放浓度的监测,研究停工过程中VOC的排放规律,通过掌握其规律,为炼油装置停工期间VOC减排提供帮助和支持。研究结果表明,虽然三塔蒸塔过程VOC污染物种类不同,蒸塔的时间不同,但VOC污染物总排放浓度变化类似。     

HCR预处理乙二醇废水可行性研究

研究了HCR工艺预处理乙二醇废水的可行性。结果表明,HCR在水力停留时间短、COD污泥负荷高的运行条件下能够有效 降低废水中COD含量,且抗冲击性能良好,故采用HCR对乙二醇废水进行预处理能够避免其对水质净化厂进水水质的冲击。较佳的HCR 工艺条件为.HRT 0.73h,污泥回流比1.33、射流量44m3/h、泥龄5d、平均污泥负荷(MLSS氧化分解COD量)可达13.3[kg/kg·d]。     

膜蒸馏技术疏水膜、组件及工艺研究进展

在新兴环保领域,膜蒸馏（MD）技术经最近10年研究的不断拓展、深入,产业链逐渐形成。瞄准膜蒸馏技术涉及的疏水膜、膜组件、工艺与应用3个重要方面,概述了膜蒸馏技术的最近10年研究现状及发展方向。从疏水膜制备的角度,重点探讨了兼具高通量、高强度、抗润湿及抗污染等特点的疏水膜制备方法;从膜蒸馏组件设计角度,重点探讨了结构形式优化、内/外场辅助等过程强化手段及具有稳定、高效、低耗传质特点的膜组件设计方法;从工艺与应用角度,概述了典型膜蒸馏集成工艺、清洁生产工艺及应用场景与国内外产业化现状。     

糠醛生产废渣直接转化为复合肥—添加剂(Ⅰ)配方与蒸馏条件的研究

 采用复合添加剂（I），以稻草（或麦杆）为原料，用硫酸酸化水解制糠醛，研究了复合添加剂（I）各成分的含量和添加量以及蒸馏条件对渣酸度的影响．结果表明，以20％（wt/wt,%）硫酸，液固比为3∶1～4∶1（wt/wt），复合添加h们）与原料的比为02：1〔WVWt），添加剂（I）配方为：磷酸钙7％，磷酸和重钙5％－10％，亚硫酸氢钠和碳酸钙3％－5％，助剂（III）5％－10％；蒸馏温度110～130℃，时间2.5～3.0h，出醛率可达理论量的80％以上，废渣全部转化为中性复合肥.     

均相Fenton氧化降解苯甲酸废水的研究

采用均相Fenton高级氧化技术对苯甲酸废水进行降解,考察了p H值、H2O2投加量、Fe~(2+)的用量、苯甲酸溶液的初始浓度等因素对苯甲酸降解的影响。结果表明:在室温条件下,最佳初始pH=3,H_2O_2最佳的经济投加量(Qth)为12.3 mmol/L,Fe~(2+)最佳投加量为0.41 mmol/L(即c(H_2O_2)∶c(Fe~(2+))=30∶1);经60 min反应后,100 mg/L苯甲酸基本可完全去除,TOC去除率也可达41.9%以上;当苯甲酸浓度为200 mg/L时,TOC去除率最大,可达45.4%;当苯甲酸浓度高于200 mg/L时,可以采取分批投加H_2O_2的方式以获得较高的去除率。     

紫外光降解高浓度氯苯气体的研究

为评价紫外光降解作为高浓度挥发性有机物生物预处理的可行性,系统考察了其对高浓度氯苯气体的去除性能及其影响因素.所考察的影响因素包括紫外光波长、进口ρ(氯苯)、空塔停留时间和气体相对湿度等.结果表明:复合254和185 nm波长紫外光照射对氯苯的去除效果优于单一254 nm波长;紫外光降解反应器的进口ρ(氯苯)在2 300～2600 mg/m3,空塔停留时间为27 s时,对氯苯气体的去除率可达40%,继续延长空塔停留时间对氯苯去除率的提高作用有限;进口ρ(氯苯)在150～3 000 mg/m3时,氯苯去除速率随进口浓度单调增加,当高于3 000 mg/m3时,氯苯去除速率基本保持不变;增加气体相对湿度可以提高紫外光降解反应器对氯苯的去除效果.      

太阳能层叠式膜蒸馏组件实验研究

本文设计了一种适用于太阳能膜蒸馏技术的新型层叠式空气隙膜蒸馏组件,该组件结构紧凑,可由冷、热、冷等N层容腔并联运行,膜组件中的分水盘使热溶液调整为沿着膜面切向方向的旋转入流,削弱了膜面附近的温度和浓度极化,提高了膜通量。以自来水为热工质,实验研究了不同膜材料温度和流量对膜通量的影响,工质温度70℃,流量300L/h时其产水通量可达50 kg/m~2.h。如运行10个热容腔,每10 h产水为142 kg,可以解决一家人的正常用水。以太阳能作为组件的加热热源,分析了3 m~2集热系统在自然循环状态下,集热器出口温度、水箱温度和太阳辐射对膜通量的影响,为应用太阳能膜蒸馏解决西部地区苦咸水淡化奠定了实验基础。     

三废处理与综合利用

X79802852旋流板塔在碱性黑液烟气脱硫中的应用/谭亚军(清华大学环境工程系).二//环境工程/冶金部建筑研究总院一1998,16(1)一33一36 环信X一26 研究了用模拟然煤烟气处理造纸黑液的工艺,着重设计并改进了旋流板塔作为酸析吸收塔,确定了其最佳工艺条件。结果表明,常温常压下,四级吸收采用液气比L二2.0~3.01/m‘时,黑液COD去除率可达60.0线,S()2去除率在88.0写~99.9%。旋流板塔吸收效率高,运行可靠,压力降低,没有发生堵塞现象,从而解决了用造纸黑液等碱性工业废水进行烟气脱硫工艺中的主要间题一一吸收设备,推进了该工艺的实际生产应用。…     

生物滴滤塔处理正丁醇废气的研究

实验分别采用清水吸收法和生物滴滤法处理模拟正丁醇废气,结果表明,在实验工况条件下,清水吸收的净化效率随进口浓度的增加而增加,净化效率可达99%,最佳液气比为2.1L/m3;生物滴滤塔的净化效率随着进气流量、液体流量和进气浓度的增加而降低,当进气流量<1.0m3/h时,其对降解效率的影响较小。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Effects of used lubricating oil on two mangroves Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina

An outdoor experiment was set up to investigate the effects of used lubricating oil(5 L/m~2)on Aegiceras corniculatum Blanco. and Avicennia marina(Forsk)Vierh.,two salt-excreting mangroves.A.marina was more sensitive to used lubricating oil than A. corniculatum and canopy-oiling resulted in more direct physical damage and stronger lethal effects than base-oiling.When treated with canopy-oiling,half of A.corniculatum plants survived for the whole treatment time(90 d);but,for A.marina,high mortality (83%)resulted from canopy-oiling within 3 weeks and no plants survived for 80 d.Base-oiling had no lethal effects on A.corniculatum plants even at the termination of this experiment,but 83% of A.marina plants died 80 d after treatment.Forty days after canopy- oiling,93% ofA.corniculatum leaves fell and no live leaves remained on A.marina plants.By the end of the experiment,base-oiling treatment resulted in about 45% ofA.corniculatum leaves falling,while all A.marina leaves and buds were burned to die.Lubricating oil resulted in physiological damage to A.corniculatum leaves,including decreases in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents,nitrate reductase,peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities,and increases in malonaldehyde contents.For both species,oil pollution significantly reduced leaf,root,and total biomass,but did not significantly affect stem biomass.Oil pollution resulted in damage to the xylem vessels of fine roots but not to those of mediate roots.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.