一种颇为有效的板料单向拉伸应力—应变关系表达式

本文采用σ=a bε~拟合TA1-M、LY12-M、LF2-M、20钢四种板料的单向拉伸应力—应变关系实验曲线并应用于分析求解筒形件压延拉伸失稳载荷,通过理论与实验结果的对比说明它比σ=mε~(?)更能准确的表达板料的应力—应变关系。     

不同热处理工艺对Fe-30Mn-3Si-4AlTWIP钢力学组织性能的影响

采用拉伸性能测试、金相观察、SEM和EDS等方法研究了不同热处理工艺对Fe-30Mn-3Si-4AlTWIP钢微观组织、拉伸力学性能及断口形貌的影响,并采用X射线衍射仪测定材料的物相组成。结果表明,冷却速度越快,TWIP钢的延伸率和强度越高;热处理后其室温组织为含有退火孪晶的单一奥氏体,冷却速度越小,奥氏体晶粒和退火孪晶的尺寸越大。拉伸时发生典型的延性断裂,在拉伸过程中退火孪晶转变成形变孪晶,使材料的塑性提高。     

20钢超塑性的获取

本文研究了20钢的超塑性。通过三次热循环处理,将供应状态热轧钢管坯料组织细化成4.43um,在(?)=1.25×10~(-4)S~(-1),T=750℃时,已获取最高延伸率δ=210.5％,否定了Marder认为亚共折钢不具有超塑性的观点,进一步扩大了Fe—C合金的超塑区域,并确定了最佳应变速率范围(?)=1×10(-1)S~(-1)～1.25×10~(-4)S~(-1),最佳超塑变形温度区域为740℃～750℃,同时研究了晶粒度对延伸率的影响。     

高应变速率反挤压超塑Zn-Al_(22)合金管材

此文简要地叙述了工业性试生产Zn-Al_(22)超塑性管材的工艺流程。采用慢速等液面浇注法和几次均匀化处理实现晶粒细化。在ε=2×10~(-2)S~(-1)的高应变速率下进行反挤压Φ49×2.25×250mm管材1200只,超塑性能最高值δ=1620％,流变应力σ_b=2.36MPa。     

变薄拉深的刚塑性有限元分析

本文用刚塑性有限元法计算出金属变薄拉深过程的应力应变场,分析了模具角度对变形力、等效应变速率和静水压分布的影响,并用密栅云纹的实验方法进行比较。     

深海环境对激光选区熔融Ti6Al4V应力腐蚀断裂行为的影响

目的 比较增材制造技术制备的Ti6Al4V相比于传统锻造材料在深海环境下耐应力腐蚀性能的差异.方法 利用慢应变速率拉伸、扫描电镜观察、XPS分析,对比了锻造的Ti6Al4V合金(WT-Ti6Al4V)和激光选区熔融技术制备的Ti6Al4V合金(SLM-Ti6Al4V)在海洋环境中不同静水压力(0、4、8 MPa)、温度...     

5CrMnMo钢的组织超塑性

5CrMnMo钢经热处理组织超细化后,在660～720℃、初始应变速率为(0.6～3.0)×10~(-2)分~(-1)的变形条件下,具有良好的超塑性:最终延伸率δ_T可达300～480％,最大流变应力σ_(max)仅40～50MPa,m值为0.4左右,成功地实现了铜触指热锻模型腔的超塑成形。     

大别山东南麓韧性剪切构造带

广济县四望、松山咀和黄梅县大河、苦竹及宿松县界岭、二郎河一线存在一条规模较大的平移—推覆型韧性剪切带,其延60余公里,宽约5—15km。该带中糜棱岩岩石的斑晶及眼球体压力影不对称、重结晶石英斜列方式及微褶皱形态特征反映出以左旋剪切作用为主。有限应变沿x方向最大拉伸量为170％,沿z方向最大缩短量为57％。中心部位的糜棱岩明显经历了热加工—恢复作用阶段,是深层次韧性剪切的产物,古差异应力平均值为158.76MPa,应变速率为3.67×10~(-11)～6.17×10~(-12)sec~(-1)。晚期又遭受了脆性薄皮冲断作用。     

316L和308L不锈钢应力腐蚀裂纹萌生行为研究

目的 研究载荷大小、加载方式和冷变形对材料裂纹萌生行为的影响规律.方法 采用多轴多试样加载装置,在线测量冷变形316L和308L不锈钢在模拟反应堆高温高压水环境中恒载荷和慢应变速率拉伸状态下的应力腐蚀裂纹萌生行为.结果 加载载荷低于屈服强度时,两种不锈钢均因具有较强的抗点蚀和晶界氧化性能而不易萌生裂纹.高于屈服强度后,...     

固体发动机药柱应力应变仿真与试验验证研究

目的研究某导弹固体发动机药柱在不同环境温度下的性能演变规律。方法利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,仿真计算了药柱在-40,20,50℃下的应力应变情况,在此基础上通过推进剂拉伸应力松弛试验对仿真结果进行验证分析。结果最大应力应变发生在头部人工脱粘层的根部,药柱内部沿径向越靠近内孔表面,应力应变的数值越大,沿药柱的轴向,内孔表面的最大应力应变发生在靠近药柱中间位置。结论线粘弹性本构关系模型在较低应变水平下可以很好地模拟出推进剂的力学行为,当应变水平在14.3%以下时,试验和仿真的相对误差能控制在10%以内。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.