典型背景点降水化学组份的分析

在全球背景降水的三种类型背景点中，海洋型背景降水受海洋大气环流控制，化学组份来源于海洋气溶胶，内陆在海洋相间型背景降水的化学组份主要来源于海洋气溶胶与仙陆大气污染物，内陆型大气背景降水的化学组份则主要来源于杨法和内陆大气传输。     

黄海及东海海域大气湿沉降(降水)中的营养元素

于2000、2001两年在黄海的千里岩岛和东海的嵊泗群岛两个采样点共采集了160多个降水样品,测定了pH值和营养盐组份(NH4^ ,NO3^ ,NO2^ ,PO4^3,SiO3^2 )的含量。结果表明,降水样品中营养元素的浓度有明显的季节变化,冬季的浓度高于夏季。千里岩降水中的营养元素的浓度普遍比嵊泗群岛高,尽管降雨量千里岩岛小于嵊泗群岛,千里岩大气降水中营养元素的月沉降通量仍大于嵊泗群岛。两个采样点的大气降水中的N／P值远高于海水中的值,表明大气湿沉降对这些海域的海洋生产力和营养元素的生物地球化学环境起着十分重要的作用。     

国外事故案例

１日本一化学品船与一货船相撞二甲苯泄入太平洋２００２年１０月５日 ,日本一艘化学品运输船在日本东海岸外的太平洋海域与一艘巴拿马籍货船相撞后倾覆 ,并引发化学品二甲苯的泄漏。据日本海上保安部称 ,事故发生在静冈县附近海域。当天凌晨３时左右 ,日本化学品运输船“荣和丸”与一艘巴拿马籍货船相撞后倾覆。４名受伤船员被附近的船只救起后送往医院。据悉 ,“荣和丸”上载有５００吨二甲苯。日方已确认“荣和丸”上的二甲苯已经泄漏。二甲苯是一种化学溶剂 ,属有害物质 ,当海水遭受大量的二甲苯污染时 ,有可能危及鱼类。日本海上保安部…     

南京市降水化学成分特征及变化趋势

通过对１９９２－１９９８年南京市降水化学成分特征及其变化趋势的分析，表明南京市降以化明显，但无恶化迹象，降水化学成分中ＳＯ＾２－４对酸化起主要作用，但其作用呈下降趋势，而ＮＯ＾－３，Ｃｌ＾－的作用呈上升趋势。Ｃａ＾２＋，ＮＨ＾４＋在中和降水的酸性方面起十分重要的作用，Ｃａ＾２＋的作用逐渐减弱，而ＮＨ＾＋４的作用则逐渐增大。     

西太平洋热带海域降水化学特征

1988年在西太平洋热带海域采集雨水样品,分析结果表明,大部分样品偏酸性(pH<5.6).雨水的化学组成结构主要受海盐的影响,这与我国大陆上雨水的情况很不相同.将西太平洋热带海域降水化学特征与南印度海域和西大西洋海域的降水情况作对比分析,结果表明,前两个海域雨水中的SO~(2-)受非海盐源的影响比西大西洋海域的小.     

酸雨对农作物影响预测

酸雨对农作物影响预测野内勇（日）１概论大气中与３５０ｍｇ／ＬＣＯ＿２平衡降水的ｐＨ值为５．６，低于此值的降水称为酸雨。日本降水中ｐＨ年均值为４．６～５．１，尤其是都市周边地区，ｐＨ年均值接近４．５，基本与北美及欧洲程度相同．酸性降水（雨、雪、雾）直接...     

中国东、南部大陆、海域与邻区(国)古构造演化关系

本文论证了中国海域基底与邻区古构造演化关系,中朝地台与京畿地块以北对应。中下扬子台拗东延为朝南古拗陷,东南地槽系连接本州地槽系,华夏地块经东海接日本“南方大陆”,华夏和印支地块隶属于南海—东海地台的边缘地块。     

福建东山湾水质状况分析与污染防治对策

该文以ＤＩＮ、ＰＯ＾３－４－Ｐ、ＣＯＤ和ＤＯ为化学指标参数，分析１９９４－１９９８年东山海域有机质污染和营养类型。结果表明，东山湾湾顶区水质总体上属于中度污染，内湾区属于轻度污染水体３０％时段处于富营养化状态，ＰＯ＾３－４－Ｐ是主要污染因子。根据污染特征，分析了影响水质的因素，并在此基础上，提出相应的防治措施。     

浙江省降水酸度和化学特征分析

根据浙江省酸沉降监测网24个观测点1992～1994年的监测资料,运用统计学和回归分析评价的方法研究了浙江省降水酸度和各化学组份的浓度分布和时空分布特征,以及季节变化规律．结果表明,降水中阴离子以SO₄^2－为主,冬、春季节降水离子浓度较高,酸度也大,影响降水酸化的主导离子是SO₄^2－、NO₃^－、NH₄⁺和Ca²⁺．     

抚顺市降水化学组份特征分析

对 2 0 0 2年 2月～ 2 0 0 3年 3月抚顺市的降水化学组份及时空分布特征进行了分析。抚顺地区降水是以硫酸型污染为主。抚顺市降水中主要阳离子组份是Ca2 + 、NH4 + ,主要阴离子组份是SO4 2 - 和NO3- 。由多元逐步回归分析可知抚顺市降水中NO3- 是酸化剂 ,Ca2 + 是碱化剂 ,对方程起作用的因子大小顺序是Ca2 + >Na+ >NO3- 。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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