菌剂对堆肥的作用及其应用

好氧高温堆肥是一种受微生物控制的有机物降解和转化的过程。在堆肥过程的不同阶段对有机物降解起关键作用的微生物种群不同。接种菌剂可以使堆肥物料快速达到高温、控制堆肥过程中臭气的产生，缩短堆肥腐熟进程；可以有效杀灭病原体和降解有机污染物，提高堆肥质量。堆肥产品含有生物活性的微生物，作物增产效果显著。文章总结了接种菌剂在堆肥过程中的作用和应用效果，提出接种菌剂的研究首先应利用传统微生物研究法和先进的分子生态学技术摸清堆肥过程中微生物活动规律，逐步筛选出所需功能性菌群，在堆肥应用时要确定菌剂的最佳接种时间和接种量。     

基于EEM与PCR-DGGE技术分析温度对蚯蚓堆肥处理城镇污泥的影响

将城镇脱水污泥制成5 mm粒径颗粒分别在15、20、25℃条件下进行蚯蚓堆肥,利用三维荧光(EEM)考察了温度对蚯蚓堆肥处理城镇污泥过程腐熟程度的影响,并采用PCR-DGGE技术探究了不同温度条件下蚯蚓堆肥微生物种群结构的变化,旨在分析蚯蚓堆肥中的微生物种群结构的变化,进而验证污泥中腐殖酸类有机物熟化降解机理,并为蚯蚓堆肥处理城镇污泥实现工业化生产提供理论依据。EEM分析结果表明:在堆肥30 d时,堆肥系统中腐殖酸类物质已基本降解完全,且随着堆肥时间的延长,芳香类蛋白质一直在被蚯蚓和微生物所利用;同一时期随温度升高,蚯蚓吞食和系统内的微生物的协同增效作用能加快系统中DOM的降解效率、提高系统的矿化程度。依据PCR-DGGE技术测序结果可知:蚯蚓堆肥系统中微生物种群对于温度变化存在缓冲区间,当温度在15—20℃范围内变化时,细菌和真核微生物的种群多样性差异均较小;温度为25℃时,系统中细菌种群多样性降低,真核微生物种群多样性升高;堆肥结束时,3个温度组系统中共有细菌种群类别占系统中总细菌种群类别79%以上,共有真核微生物种群类别占系统总真核微生物种群类别75%以上,表明随着温度升高系统中主要微生物种群类别并未发生变化,仅共有微生物种群的相对数量发生了改变,且3个温度组系统中均以拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和子囊菌门(Ascomycota)为优势种群,温度越高,相对数量越多,系统中易利用有机质所占比重小,系统更加稳定。     

腐熟堆肥接种对蔬菜废物中高温好氧降解过程的影响

通过不同比例腐熟堆肥接种,进行蔬菜废物高温好氧降解试验,研究接种对蔬菜废物好氧降解过程的影响.结果表明:当接种率为5%,3%和1%时,增加腐熟堆肥接种比例有利于提高有机物的好氧降解率,试验末期有机物降解率分别为53.3%,50.0%和43.7%,糖类和纤维素类降解的差别是其降解率差距的主要来源;腐熟堆肥接种对堆肥过程中微生物演化规律影响明显,但接种率达到一定水平后,接种对生物相的影响会随堆肥过程而逐步消失;通过对微生物相演变与生物质降解过程的相关性分析,表明微生物种群增殖与特定生物质类型降解存在明显的相关性,从而提示了采用按堆肥过程中生物质分类的降解状况分段接种微生物的可能性.     

高温堆肥碳氮循环及腐殖质变化特征研究

堆肥化处理，是指依靠自然界广泛分布的细菌、放线菌、真菌等微生物，对有机物有控制地进行生物降解，使之转化为腐殖质的生物化学处理技术。作者采用畜禽粪便条垛式高温堆肥实验方法，研究了堆肥过程中碳氮循环及腐殖质变化特征。结果表明，堆肥过程中，碳素和氮素变化最大，表现为二者总量的减少，其中以碳素总量减少较多，氮素总量次之，从而导致碳氮质量分数比降低。腐殖酸总量、胡敏酸和富里酸总量均呈下降趋势，但腐殖酸占有机碳的比例以及胡敏酸与富里酸质量分数比却在提高，速效养分含量也在升高，表明堆肥过程是一个有机质数量减少、有机质质量提高的过程。     

PCR-DGGE研究Carrousel 2000氧化沟工艺调试过程中的微生物多样性

收集Carrousel 2000型氧化沟工艺启动过程中活性污泥样品,直接提取微生物的基因组DNA并纯化,然后对细菌16S rDNA的V3高变区进行PCR扩增和DGGE分离,通过比较DGGE图谱的相似性来研究工艺调试过程中微生物种群的变化情况.研究表明,活性污泥中具有非常丰富的微生物种群.调试初期水质波动对氧化沟中微生物种群的影响非常明显,但接种的成熟活性污泥中微生物种群能够很快适应新型氧化沟工艺的结构及水力特性.调试从4月开始,4月氧化沟中微生物种群相似性Cs最大值为68.9%,5~6月Cs最大值为70.8%,8月Cs最大值为73.0%,可见氧化沟中微生物种群相似性逐渐增加,直至稳定.在此过程中,系统对COD、氨氮的处理效果同步提高并趋于稳定.综合分析好氧活性污泥在氧化沟中驯化期为2个月.图4表4参12     

烟区轮作与连作土壤细菌群落多样性比较

采用从土壤中直接提取土壤细菌总DNA,并用细菌16SrDNA特异性引物进行PCR扩增和变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）的方法,对比研究了贵州福泉烟区轮作和连作对土壤细菌群落多样性的影响,每个处理样品3次重复在DGGE图谱中相似性较高,基本聚在一起,从整体证明了试验操作方法较为精确。由DGGE图谱可知,轮作土壤微生物条带数量15-31条不等,平均为23条。连作土壤微生物条带数量从7-25条不等,平均为18条。分别从每条泳道的条带数和光密度值两方面,对细菌群落多样性指标进行了比较。结果表明,轮作处理细菌群落丰富度指数均大于连作处理,轮作Shannon-wiener和辛普森指数（1/D）均大于连作,表明轮作微生物多样性较连作高,轮作方式可以提高植烟土壤细菌群落的多样性。     

纳米氧化锌对堆肥过程中细菌群落演替的影响

纳米氧化锌(纳米Zn O)的广泛应用使其进入农业生产领域的可能性增加.鉴于堆肥是处理农业废弃物的主要方式,采用实验室模拟堆置,以鸡粪、秸秆粉为主要原料进行堆肥实验,研究3种浓度的纳米Zn O(0.1,1,10 mg/kg)对堆肥过程中理化指标的影响,并采用高通量测序技术研究堆体中细菌群落结构及组成的变化.结果显示,纳米Zn O不会影响堆肥过程中的温度及腐熟程度,但降低了堆肥过程中的p H;对堆体中细菌Alpha多样性影响不显著,但改变了细菌群落结构及组成.其中,堆肥高温期(5 d)厚壁菌门及拟杆菌门的一些属对纳米Zn O处理响应最明显,0.1 mg/kg浓度纳米Zn O提高了Cohnella的相对丰度,而1、10 mg/kg浓度纳米Zn O增加了魏斯氏菌属、芽孢杆菌属、肠球菌属的相对丰度,降低了一些拟杆菌属的丰度.本研究表明纳米Zn O不仅影响堆肥理化性质,也影响堆肥中一些功能微生物,结果可为评价纳米Zn O的环境效应提供重要依据.     

高温堆肥对猪粪中多类抗生素的去除效果

在人工控制条件下进行高温堆肥,考察不同通风方式对堆体温度、发芽指数等堆肥腐熟指标的影响,研究堆肥过程对磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMN)、土霉素(OTC)、金霉素(CTC)和泰妙霉素(TIA)这4种常见畜用抗生素的去除效率.结果表明,翻堆+机械通风的方式可以促进堆肥腐熟进程,提高堆体最高温度并延长堆体高温阶段持续时间.抗生素的去除主要发生在堆体升温及高温阶段,且去除效率随着堆体最高温度的升高而提高.在4种抗生素添加量均为100 mg·kg-1条件下,堆肥腐熟进程并未受到较大影响.经过28 d的高温堆肥,SMN、OTC、CTC和TIA的残留量分别为1.90、7.20、6.64和8.75 mg· kg-1.     

木薯皮堆肥过程中酶活性的变化

以木薯皮为原料进行高温堆肥发酵,研究了堆肥化过程中理化性质和酶活性的变化情况.结果表明:在堆肥发酵过程中.温度变化呈先上升后下降趋势,到后期已趋近于初始温度;而含水率在堆肥处理过程中变化不大.各处理的pH值在发酵结束时为7.3～7.5.过氧化氢酶活性初期较高,随后迅速降低,并维持在较低水平.纤维素酶和脲酶活性在堆肥初期增加,之后逐渐降低.由于堆肥原料不同,不同处理的酶活性变化趋势表现出一定的差异.考虑到堆肥腐熟度受多方面因素的影响,判断堆肥腐熟度时应根据多种指标(包括生物学、化学、物理学指标)综合判断.     

香蕉茎秆、桉树皮和猪粪不同配比堆肥研究

通过固定猪粪添加量,依次增加桉树皮添加量,减少香蕉茎秆添加量,研究了桉树皮、香蕉茎秆和猪粪不同配比,不同C/N比值等对堆肥温度、pH值、微生物数量以及种子发芽率等堆肥发酵指标的影响,并用腐熟的有机肥进行香蕉幼苗盆栽试验。结果表明,堆肥材料C/N比值为25.24和27.01的处理堆肥温度较高,均达到56℃以上,持续高温时间分别为10和11 d,堆肥中各养分含量相对较高,达到NY 525—2012《有机肥料》标准。盆栽试验也表明,利用堆肥材料C/N比值为25.24和27.01的堆肥配制的有机肥对盆栽香蕉幼苗有一定的促生效果。     

Dispersal, density dependence, and population dynamics of a fungal microbe on leaf surfaces

Despite the ubiquity and importance of microbes in nature, little is known about their natural population dynamics, especially for those that occupy terrestrial habitats. Here we investigate the dynamics of the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans (Ap) on apple leaves in an orchard. We asked three questions. (1) Is variation in fungal population density among leaves caused by variation in leaf carrying capacities and strong density-dependent population growth that maintains densities near carrying capacity? (2) Do resident populations have competitive advantages over immigrant cells? (3) Do Ap dynamics differ at different times during the growing season? To address these questions, we performed two experiments at different times in the growing season. Both experiments used a 2 x 2 factorial design: treatment 1 removed fungal cells from leaves to reveal density-dependent population growth, and treatment 2 inoculated leaves with an Ap strain engineered to express green fluorescent protein (GFP), which made it possible to track the fate of immigrant cells. The experiments showed that natural populations of Ap vary greatly in density due to sustained differences in carrying capacities among leaves. The maintenance of populations close to carrying capacities indicates strong density-dependent processes. Furthermore, resident populations are strongly competitive against immigrants, while immigrants have little impact on residents. Finally, statistical models showed high population growth rates of resident cells in one experiment but not in the other, suggesting that Ap experiences relatively "good" and "bad" periods for population growth. This picture of Ap dynamics conforms to commonly held, but rarely demonstrated, expectations of microbe dynamics in nature. It also highlights the importance of local processes, as opposed to immigration, in determining the abundance and dynamics of microbes on surfaces in terrestrial systems.     

Characterising populations living close to intensive farming and composting facilities in England

• Bioaerosol emitted from farming and composting facilities may pose health risks. • We describe population characteristics around these sites and infer public concern. • Sites were mapped and overlaid with population, demographic and school data. • Approximately 16% of the population and 15% of schools are located near these sites. • More community health studies need to be conducted around these sites. Bioaerosol exposure has been linked to adverse respiratory conditions. Intensive farming and composting facilities are important anthropogenic sources of bioaerosols. We aimed to characterise populations living close to intensive farming and composting facilities. We also infer whether the public are becoming more concerned about anthropogenic bioaerosol emissions, using reports of air pollution related incidents attributed to facilities. We mapped the location of 1,257 intensive farming and 310 composting facilities in England in relation to the resident population and its characteristics (sex and age), area characteristics (deprivation proxy and rural/urban classification) and school locations stratified by pre-defined distance bands from these bioaerosol sources. We also calculated the average number of air pollution related incidents per year per facility. We found that more than 16% of the population and 15% of schools are located within 4,828 m of an intensive farming facility or 4,000 m of a composting facility; few people (0.01%) live very close to these sites and tend to be older people. Close to composting facilities, populations are more likely to be urban and more deprived. The number of incidents were attributed to a small proportion of facilities; population characteristics around these facilities were similar. Results indicate that populations living near composting facilities (particularly>250 to≤4,000 m) are mostly located in urban areas (80%–88% of the population), which supports the need for more community health studies to be conducted. Results could also be used to inform risk management strategies at facilities with higher numbers of incidents.     

Microbial community structure in different wastewater treatment processes characterized by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique

In order to investigate microbial community structures in different wastewater treatment processes and understand the relationship between the structures and the status of processes, the microbial community diversity, variety and distribution in five wastewater treatment processes were studied by a culture-independent genetic fingerprinting technique single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). The five processes included denitrifying and phosphate-removal system (diminished N), Chinese traditional medicine wastewater treatment system (P), beer wastewater treatment system (W), fermentative biohydrogen-producing system (H), and sulfate-reduction system (S). The results indicated that the microbial community profiles in the wastewater bioreactors with the uniform status were very similar. The diversity of microbial populations was correlated with the complexity of organic contaminants in wastewater. Chinese traditional medicine wastewater contained more complex organic components; hence, the population diversity was higher than that of simple nutrient bioreactors fed with molasses wastewater. Compared with the strain bands in a simulated community, the relative proportion of some functional microbial populations in bioreactors was not dominant. Fermentative biohydrogen producer Ethanoligenens harbinense in the better condition bioreactor had only a 5% band density, and the Desulfovibrio sp. in the sulfate-reducing bioreactor had less than 1.5% band density. The SSCP profiles could identify the difference in microbial community structures in wastewater treatment processes, monitor some of the functional microbes in these processes, and consequently provide useful guidance for improving their efficiency.     

猪粪和锯末联合堆肥的中试研究

以 3种配比的猪粪和锯末为原料 ,进行了联合堆肥中试研究。一次发酵采用温度反馈通气量控制的静态好氧堆肥系统 ,周期 1 5d ;二次发酵采用定期翻堆自然腐熟 ,周期 30d。试验分析了堆制过程中温度、含水率、有机质、pH值的变化。对堆肥产物的腐熟度和养分分析表明 ,3种配比的堆肥产物均可达到腐熟度要求。猪粪养分含量越高 ,产物养分越高。通过堆肥工艺的优化控制和加水措施 ,猪粪和锯末联合堆制可以在 4 5d内获得高质量的有机肥 ,具有良好的应用前景。     

奶牛粪便翻堆式与槽式堆肥过程气体排放规律及养分损失原位监测

为探究奶牛粪便翻堆式与槽式堆肥过程中温室气体和氨气(NH₃)排放规律及养分损失情况,采用原位监测的方法,通过静态采气箱和气体在线监测设备,分别对奶牛粪便翻堆式和槽式堆体开展为期36 d的气体监测。结果表明,翻堆式堆肥过程中甲烷(CH₄)、氧化亚氮(N2_O)和NH₃排放主要集中于翻堆阶段;槽式堆肥过程中CH₄和NH₃排放主要集中于堆肥前期,N2_O排放则主要集中于堆肥中后期。堆体管理措施及物料特性显著影响堆肥气体的排放。翻堆式堆肥过程中翻堆对气体排放的影响大于堆肥理化因子如温度、含水率以及pH值;而槽式堆肥过程中,降低堆体的平均温度可同时减缓堆肥过程中CH₄、二氧化碳(CO₂)和NH₃的释放。从养分损失来看,翻堆式和槽式堆肥过程中碳素总损失量分别占堆肥物料初始总碳含量(TC)的27.16%和21.53%,其中约80%以上的碳素损失来自CO₂-C。而堆肥过程中氮素总损失量分别占堆肥物料初始总氮含量(TN)的18.67%和13.44%,其中约80%以上的氮素损失来源于NH₃N。该研究表明,在保证堆体物料腐熟的前提下,降低翻堆频率可显著减缓翻堆式堆肥过程中温室气体和NH₃的排放;降低槽式堆肥堆体的温度可显著减少堆肥过程中CH₄、CO₂和NH₃的排放。该研究结果对于减少堆肥过程气态污染物排放和养分损失,提高堆肥效率具有重要的指导意义。     

Fluorescence analysis of humic-like substances extracted from composts: influence of composting time and fractionation

Humic-like acids (HLA₀, HLA₇₀, HLA₁₃₀, HLA₇₃₀) were extracted from composts obtained from sewage sludges and trimmings after 0, 70, 130 and 730 days of composting, respectively. In addition, HLA₁₃₀ was fractionated using SEC-PAGE set-up. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that HLA₀ was the only sample to contain emission bands characteristic of protein-like compounds (λ _exc/λ _em: 280/350) and chlorophyll (λ _exc/λ _em: 420/660). Emission intensities above 400 nm and HIX both varied in the order: HLA₇₀ > HLA₁₃₀ > HLA₇₃₀ > HLA₀ and increased as the fraction molecular size decreased. Thus, the formation of long wavelength emitting fluorophores during composting is connected to the humification process. These fluorophores are mainly concentrated in the low molecular size fraction obtained by SEC-PAGE fractionation of composts.     

Cultivation of aerobic granular sludge in a conventional,continuous flow,completely mixed activated sludge system

Aerobic granules were formed in a conventional, continuous flow, completely mixed activated sludge system (CMAS). The reactor was inoculated with seed sludge containing few filaments and fed with synthetic municipal wastewater. The settling time of the sludge and the average dissolved oxygen (DO) of the reactor were 2 h and 4.2 mg·L^-1, respectively. The reactor was agitated by a stirrer, with a speed of 250 r·min^-1, to ensure good mixing．The granular sludge had good settleability, and the sludge volume index (SVI) was between 50 and 90 mL·g^-1. The laser particle analyzer showed the diameter of the granules to be between 0.18 and 1.25 mm. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation revealed the predominance of sphere-like and rod-like bacteria, and only few filaments grew in the granules. The microbial community structure of the granules was also analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Sequencing analysis indicated the dominant species were α, β, and γ-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes. The data from the study suggested that aerobic granules could form, if provided with sufficient number of filaments and high shear force. It was also observed that a high height-to-diameter ratio of the reactor and short settling time were not essential for the formation of aerobic granular sludge.     

Environmental effects and risk control of antibiotic resistance genes in the organic solid waste aerobic composting system: A review

• ARGs were detected in livestock manure, sludge, food waste and fermentation dregs. • The succession of microbial community is an important factor affecting ARGs. • Horizontal transfer mechanism of ARGs during composting should be further studied. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been diffusely detected in several kinds of organic solid waste, such as livestock manure, sludge, antibiotic fermentation residues, and food waste, thus attracting great attention. Aerobic composting, which is an effective, harmless treatment method for organic solid waste to promote recycling, has been identified to also aid in ARG reduction. However, the effect of composting in removing ARGs from organic solid waste has recently become controversial. Thus, this article summarizes and reviews the research on ARGs in relation to composting in the past 5 years. ARGs in organic solid waste could spread in different environmental media, including soil and the atmosphere, which could widen environmental risks. However, the conventional composting technology had limited effect on ARGs removal from organic solid waste. Improved composting processes, such as hyperthermophilic temperature composting, could effectively remove ARGs, and the HGT of ARGs and the microbial communities are identified as vital influencing factors. Currently, during the composting process, ARGs were mainly affected by three response pathways, (I) “Microenvironment-ARGs”; (II) “Microenvironment-microorganisms-ARGs”; (III) “Microorganisms-horizontal gene transfer-ARGs”, respectively. Response pathway II had been studied the most which was believed that microbial community was an important factor affecting ARGs. In response pathway III, mainly believed that MGEs played an important role and paid less attention to eARGs. Further research on the role and impact of eARGs in ARGs may be considered in the future. It aims to provide support for further research on environmental risk control of ARGs in organic solid waste.     

生物栅净化系统生物膜微生物群落结构动态的ERIC-PCR指纹图谱分析

用ERIC-PCR指纹图谱技术分析富营养化水体生物栅处理系统中2个工况7个净化池在不同监测时期微生物群落结构动态变化与主要污染物降解效果变化的关系.结果表明,采用生物栅技术的2～7号净化池的CODCr、总氮、氨氮、总磷的去除率较对照池分别提高了13.3%～58.6%、23.6%～65.8%、15.5%～72.9%和16.8%～76.9%,表明生物栅技术在污染物去除方面起到了重要作用.随着系统的运行微生物多样性指数逐渐增大,工况1第1次和第2次生物膜样品的微生物多样性指数分别为1.77～1.91和1.96～2.35.设置凤眼莲的3个净化池填料生物膜微生物种类较未设置植物的净化池丰富.在工况2中,HRT为7.5h的3号、5号和7号反应池填料生物膜ERIC-PCR指纹图条带数比HRT为4h的2号、4号和6号要多,而根系生物膜上的微生物群落结构受HRT的影响小.研究表明,随着系统的运行,系统中微生物种群多样性指数增加,系统逐渐进入良好的稳定状态.图5表5参9