凉山州邛海宾馆污水深度处理工艺与效果

利用原有的化粪池作厌氧池,并以射流曝气生物接触氧化处理工艺为主体,串联消毒杀菌装置,即采用厌氧—好氧—化学杀菌三级串联深度处理邛海宾馆污水取得良好效果。处理后的水质清澈透明,无异采,COD31mg/l,BOD_52.1mg/l,去除率均在95％以上。     

关于化粪池分类管理的探讨与建议

化粪池是污水管网的重要配套设施,其主要功能是保证污水管网的正常运行。但化粪池存在管理不善、清掏受阻、邻避效应、二次污染等问题,因此一些地方新建住宅项目不再配置化粪池。随之一些企业建设也不再建造化粪池。对居民区和工业区建造化粪池的优缺点进行对比,并分析讨论了取消化粪池产生的影响。研究表明,取消化粪池会导致大量的固形物在污水管网发生沉积并引发一些环境问题,最终容易使企业不能通过环保部门的竣工验收,加大企业的投入成本。最后,以某染料化工厂为例,论证了上述观点。故笔者提出在居民区可以取消化粪池,但在工业区仍要继续保留的管理对策。     

利用太阳能处理污水

美国阿尔伯克基市桑迪亚研究所，最近研制成功一种利用太阳能进行污水处理的新型装置。在装置中，专家们设计安装了多幅可以移动的反光镜面成反光镜槽，将太阳光聚集照射污水管道，使管温升高，从而活化加在管内污水中的催化剂二氧化钛，将污水中的有毒物质激化为带电分子，这些带电毒物分子相互撞击、分解，变为更小的分子。经测量，经这种装置处理过的污水，有毒物质的最后含量只有十亿分之几，已经变成了不会对人体造成任何危害的净水，达到了普通饮用水的标准。（摘自《中国环境报》1994-03-29）利用太阳能处理污水     

医院污水处理设施的改造与对策

由于医疗行业的特殊性，医院污水的治理工作一直受到有关部门的高度重视，针对医院污水及排放特点，我国在 80年代就研制了医院污水处理的设置——“自动同步双虹吸医院污水处理装置”。但十余年过去了，由于医院污水的水量逐年增加和国家对医院污水排放标准的提高，以及处理设施陈旧、老化等方面的原因，很多医院的污水处理设施已不能正常运行，排放的污水已不能达到当地环保部门的要求。因此，医院污水的处理面临着治理设施再改造的任务。对现有的处理设施怎样改造，我们认为，靠单纯的清理和修复原有的处理设备是不行的，必须根据各单位…     

超滤法处理低渗透油田回注污水的应用研究

用管式聚砜超滤膜分离装置现场处理采油污水，经过处理的污水达到了低渗透油田注水标准。在现场试验的基础上论述了超滤操作压力差、膜面流速对膜通量的影响，提出了清洗污染膜的方法，为进一步的工业试验装置设计提供了基础数据。     

一体化污水净化设备

一体化污水净化装置是把一个完整的污水处理（除渣、砂、有机物）和污泥处理的工艺过程浓缩集中于一个或几个桶式、箱式成套装置内，这样便于工厂系列化批量定型生产，节省工程投资和设备造价，加快建设速度缩短工期。使用户只要花较少的钱和很少的土建费用就可方便地建成一个污水净化系统，解决水污染问题。国外，特别是德国等一些经济发达的国家，一体化污水净化装置是随着经济发展和人们对环保要求标准的提高，而逐步发展的。特别是一些污水不能并入城市下水道的乡镇、住宅小区、宾馆、饭店、旅游点等、其排放的污水对环境造成不容忽视的…     

一体化小型生活污水生物处理装置研究进展

文章介绍了一体化小型生活污水生物处理装置（设备）在国内外的发展、应用现状，分析了现有小型生活污水处理装置存在的问题并提出了改进方案。     

JZW-4钻井污水处理装置的研制及应用

为解决现有的钻井污水处理设备无法满足污水处理需要的问题,研制了ＪＺＷ－４型钻井污水处理装置。对污水进行了室内试验,证明只有混凝－离心－过滤法是最佳的处理方法;并根据此方法研究制造出了ＪＺＷ－４钻井污水设备。现场试验结果表明：用该装置处理污水,出口水质符合国家综合二级排放标准。说明ＪＺＷ－４钻井污水处理装置工艺流程设计合理,适应性强,处理效果好,具有创造性。     

生化处理沙漠油田高盐含油污水

文章研究了含油污水生化处理装置在某油田13~#站井区的试验情况。采用驯化培养的"某油田13#站高效优势菌种"对石油类物质具有良好的降解性能、盐度适应范围广。利用该菌种对油田外排污水进行二级生化处理,结果表明:处理后污水COD低于100mg/L;石油类浓度低于10mg/L;挥发酚浓度低于0.5mg/L。含油污水生化处理装置可处理含油高于500mg/L,矿化度高于20 000mg/L,进水量高于4.0m~3/h的油田污水。研究表明利用微生物工艺处理高盐、高矿化度油田污水技术可行,工艺可靠,具有推广应用的价值。     

上流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）反应器在污水处理中的应用

本文介绍了现代高效厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器在处理工业污水和生活污水中的研究与应用。并阐述了该装置对低浓度和中等浓度的不同污水中的厌氧处理;及低温20℃和中温30℃的运行结果。本装置技术简单,易在我国推广,对环境保护及可再生能源回收是可行的技术。     

我国印染废水处理概况及研究进展

综述了我国印染行业的环保概况,分析了印染废水的来源与特点,介绍了印染废水的物化处理和生化处理方法,以及目前国内印染废水处理的工艺概况,提出了清洁生产、末端治理与行业导向等相关建议。     

辐射技术在水处理中的应用及其发展

介绍了水处理辐射技术的分类、处理机理及其特点;概括了辐射技术在水处理中的应用情况;分析了辐射技术在水处理中的发展趋势。     

油气田站场水环境治理与绿化设计应用

长庆油气区大部分地处失陷性黄土地区,其区域特性、降雨特点及地面集流方式易产生水土流失、滑坡、泥石流等自然灾害。通过采用道路型雨水收集和分类区别处理技术对站场设计优化,将站场雨水、废水收集回收利用从而减少外排,既减少排水引起的自然灾害和后期维护费用,又可满足站场绿化用水,节约水资源。经过设计应用初步形成了适应于长庆油气区实际的站场水环境治理与绿化设计模式,为后期新建油气田的治理提供新思路和方法。     

VOCs恶臭污染物质的污染状况和一般处理方法

VOCs恶臭污染物质是一些既有异味且具有挥发性的有机气态污染物质，对人体健康和生态环境造成很大危害。VOCs恶臭物质来源于生活和工业生产等方面。常用的处理方法有吸附法、吸收法、燃烧法、冷凝法、生物法、膜分离法等。其中，生物法处理有机废气具有运行费用低、维护管理方便、没有二次污染等优点，成为今后治理VOCs恶臭污染物质的清洁型生物方法。     

电—生物技术强化废水处理的机理及应用

电—生物技术在废水处理中得到越来越广泛的应用。本文阐明了电—生物技术在废水处理中诞生的背景,论述了电—生物技术强化废水处理的作用机理,介绍了电—生物技术在废水生物脱氮除磷中的成果,以及在含难降解、毒害有机物质废水处理中的应用,并展望了电-生物技术的研究动向。     

Decentralized approaches to wastewater treatment and management: applicability in developing countries

Providing reliable and affordable wastewater treatment in rural areas is a challenge in many parts of the world, particularly in developing countries. The problems and limitations of the centralized approaches for wastewater treatment are progressively surfacing. Centralized wastewater collection and treatment systems are costly to build and operate, especially in areas with low population densities and dispersed households. Developing countries lack both the funding to construct centralized facilities and the technical expertise to manage and operate them. Alternatively, the decentralized approach for wastewater treatment which employs a combination of onsite and/or cluster systems is gaining more attention. Such an approach allows for flexibility in management, and simple as well as complex technologies are available. The decentralized system is not only a long-term solution for small communities but is more reliable and cost effective. This paper presents a review of the various decentralized approaches to wastewater treatment and management. A discussion as to their applicability in developing countries, primarily in rural areas, and challenges faced is emphasized all through the paper. While there are many impediments and challenges towards wastewater management in developing countries, these can be overcome by suitable planning and policy implementation. Understanding the receiving environment is crucial for technology selection and should be accomplished by conducting a comprehensive site evaluation process. Centralized management of the decentralized wastewater treatment systems is essential to ensure they are inspected and maintained regularly. Management strategies should be site specific accounting for social, cultural, environmental and economic conditions in the target area.     

Alternative treatments for the municipal solid waste and domestic sewage in Campinas,Brazil

The treatments of municipal solid waste (MSW) and the domestic sewage (DS) are critical issues of the current political and environment discussions. These concerns are due to the lack of dumping areas, the continuous increase of the population, and public health issues. The adequate treatment and management of MSW and DS can produce many benefits such as financial funds, heat and energy production, reduction of emissions and recuperation of water for reuse. Currently in Campinas MSW and DS are deposited in landfills or discharged into rivers and other sites. In the present study two scenarios are evaluated for the treatment of MSW and DS in Campinas: recycling with biological treatment and recycling with thermal treatment. The most suitable treatments for Campinas, based on the data from the present analysis and taking into consideration the local conditions, maximization of energy potential and environmental benefits, are incineration for the MSW and biological treatment for DS, both with energy recuperation. The main gains of this option are substantial environmental benefits, generated energy which can reach 18% of the total electrical energy consumed in Campinas while about 53% recuperation of the total amount of water treated for Campinas in 2010.     

Environmental evaluation of transfer and treatment of excess pig slurry by life cycle assessment

Slurry management is a central topic in the agronomic and environmental analysis of intensive livestock production systems. The objective of this study is to compare the environmental performance of two scenarios of collective slurry management for the disposal of excess nitrogen from animal manure. The scenarios are the transfer of slurry and its injection to crop land, and the treatment of slurry in a collective biological treatment station. The study is based on a real case in the West of France, where a group of farmers is developing a collective plan for the disposal of almost 7000 m(3) of excess pig slurry. The evaluation is carried out by Life Cycle Assessment, where emissions and resource consumption are quantified and aggregated into four environmental impact categories: eutrophication, acidification, climate change, and non-renewable energy use. Ammonia emitted is the most important contributor to acidification and eutrophication, while methane contributes most to climate change. Both ammonia and methane are mostly emitted during the storage of slurry and, in the case of the treatment scenario, also during composting the solid fraction of the slurry. The two management strategies are similar with respect to climate change, whereas eutrophication and acidification are twice as large for treatment relative to transfer. Electricity needed for the treatment process is the main contributor to non-renewable energy use for the treatment scenario, while the transfer scenario represents a net energy saving, as energy saved by the reduction of mineral fertiliser use more than compensates for the energy needed for transport and injection of slurry. The overall environmental performance of transfer is better than that of treatment, as it involves less acidification, eutrophication and non-renewable energy use. The method employed and the results obtained in this study can provide elements for a transparent discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of contrasting excess slurry management scenarios as well as the identification of the main aspects determining their environmental performance.     

从荷兰、德国的实践看污泥的能源回收利用——浅议污水厂的污泥处理

进入21世纪后,随着城市发展和环境污染的加剧,我国城镇污水处理厂的建设开始加速发展。至2010年,城市污水处理率约为70%,随着大量污水处理厂投入运行,污泥处置问题已经迫在眉睫。本文介绍了荷兰污泥处理的发展历程和方法,以SNB污泥处理中心、慕尼黑Gut Groβlappen污泥处理厂为实例介绍了集中式污泥处理及能源利用。我们认为,荷兰、德国污泥处理的经验和方法对我国的污泥处理具有借鉴价值。     

污水处理厂及其单元的优化设计研究

介绍了不同时期的几个城市污水处理厂系统优化设计模型，对污水处理厂部分单元的优化设计进行了分析。从PLC的控制角度对污水处理厂的优化设计进行了简述；并提出了城市污水处理厂优化设计研究中几个有待于进一步解决的问题。