Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Turanoceratops tardabilis—the first ceratopsid dinosaur from Asia

Turanoceratops tardabilis from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) Bissekty Formation of Dzharakuduk, Uzbekistan, represents the first definite ceratopsid dinosaur recorded from Asia. Reexamination of the original and study of newly collected material indicate that Turanoceratops has well-developed supraorbital horns and apparently lacks a nasal horn. Turanoceratops is more derived than the more or less coeval Zuniceratops from the Moreno Hill Formation of New Mexico in the presence of double-rooted teeth and of two or three teeth in each vertical dental file.     

Organic contam ination in the drinking water from Clmohu Lake

Chaohu Lake water body is a major drinking water source for dwellers of Hefei City and Chaohu City．The paper describes the work that concerning with the method of system analysis on the raw water and drinking water of Fourth Water Plant in Hefei City and the results on the identification of orga．nic compounds iII the water．     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Mixed surfactant washing of petroleum contaminants from the soils and sediments in the unsaturated zone

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ,ｒｅｍｅｄｉａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｅｄｇｒｏｕｎｄｗａｔｅｒａｎｄｓｏｉｌｈａｓａｔｔｒａｃｔｅｄｍｕｃｈａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｔｓｉｎｖａｒｉｏｕｓｃ?..     

Estimate of ammonia transfer from Lake Dianchi water to the air

ＥｓｔｉｍａｔｅｏｆａｍｍｏｎｉａｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｆｒｏｍＬａｋｅＤｉａｎｃｈｉｗａｔｅｒｔｏｔｈｅａｉｒＤａｉＳｈｕｇｕｉ；ＺｈｕａｎｇＹｕａｎｙｉ；ＪｉｎＺｈａｏｈｕｉ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ，Ｎａｎｋａ...     

Getting ready for the manned mission to Mars: the astronauts’ risk from space radiation

Space programmes are shifting towards planetary exploration and, in particular, towards missions by human beings to the Moon and to Mars. Radiation is considered to be one of the major hazards for personnel in space and has emerged as the most critical issue to be resolved for long-term missions both orbital and interplanetary. The two cosmic sources of radiation that could impact a mission outside the Earth’s magnetic field are solar particle events (SPE) and galactic cosmic rays (GCR). Exposure to the types of ionizing radiation encountered during space travel may cause a number of health-related problems, but the primary concern is related to the increased risk of cancer induction in astronauts. Predictions of cancer risk and acceptable radiation exposure in space are extrapolated from minimal data and are subject to many uncertainties. The paper describes present-day estimates of equivalent doses from GCR and solar cosmic radiation behind various shields and radiation risks for astronauts on a mission to Mars.     

An evaluation of mercury emissions from the chlor-alkali industry in China

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｃｈｌｏｒｉｎｅ ａｌｋａｌｉｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｓｕｂｓｔａｎｔｉａｌｐａｒｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ .Ｎｏｗ ,ｔｈｒｅｅｔｙｐｅｓｏｆｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｌｙｔｉｃｃｅｌｌｓａｒｅｕｓｅｄｔｏｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｃｈｌｏｒｉｎｅｇａｓａｎｄｃａｕｓｔｉｃｓｏｄａ:ｔｈｅＨｇｃｅｌｌ,ｔｈｅｄｉａｐｈｒａｇｍｃｅｌｌ,ａｎｄｔｈｅｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｃｅｌｌ.Ｃｈｉｎａｉｓｕｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｄｉａｐｈｒａｇｍｃｅｌｌａｓｔｈｅｍａｉｎｔｙｐｅ.Ｎａ…     

Treatment of desizing wastewater from the textile industry by wet air oxidation

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＷａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｄｉｓｃｈａｒｇｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｅｘｔｉｌｅｄｅｓｉｚｉｎｇ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓｉｓｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｚｅｄｂｙｉｔｓｖｅｒｙｈｉｇｈｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｏｘｙｇｅｎｄｅｍａｎｄ(ＣＯＤＣｒ)ａｎｄｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔｔｅｘｔｉｌｅｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｔｏｔｒｅａｔ.Ｔｈｅｄｅｓｉｚｉｎｇｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｆｒｏｍｎａｔｕｒａｌｆｉｂｒｅ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓｍａｉｎｌｙｃｏｎｔａｉｎｓｓｔａｒｃｈ ,ｇｌｕｃｏｓ…     

Treatment of desizing wastewater from the textile industry by wet air oxidation

This paper describes the application of wet air oxidation to the treatment of desizing wastewater from two textile companies. A two-liter high temperature, high pressure autoclave reactor was used in the study. The range of operating temperatures examined was between 150 and 290℃, and the partial pressure of oxygen ranged from 0. 375 to 2.25 MPa. Variations in pH,CODCr and TOD content were monitored during each experiment and used to assess the extent of conversion of the process. The effects of temperature, pressure and reaction time were explored extensively. More than 90 ％ CODCr reduction and 80 ％ TOC removal have been obtained. The results have also been demonstrated that WAO is a suitable pre-treatment methods due to improvement of the BOD5/CODCr ratio of desizing wastewater. The reaction kinetics of wet air oxidation of desizing wastewater has been proved to be two steps, a fast reaction followed by a slow reaction stage.     

Intensification of adsorption process by using the pyrolytic char from waste tires to remove chromium(Ⅵ) from wastewater

Pyrolysis has the potential of transforming waste into valuable recyclable products. Pyrolytic char(PC) is one of the most important products from the pyrolysis of used tires. One of the most significant applications for pyrolytic char recovered is used for the removal of Cr(Ⅵ) in the wastewater effluent to control waste by waste. The surface chemistry properties of surface element distribution / concentration and chemical structure were examined for the pyrolytic char and the commercial activated carbon(CAC) respectively. The results showed that surfaces of PC possesses a large amount of ester and hydrocarbon graft, whereas there are mainly carbon functional components of C-OH, C=O and COOH on the surface of CAC. Therefore the surface electronegativity of PC is lower than that of CAC in the water. The repulsive interactions between the surfaces of PC and the negatively charged Cr(Ⅵ) ion are weaker than that of CAC, which results in an intensification of the adsorption process by the utilization of PC. The adsorption isotherms of Cr(Ⅵ) ion on the two kinds of carbons were determined experimentally. The larger adsorption amount on the PC in the case of Cr(Ⅵ) may be attributed mainly to its special surface micro-chemical environment. The mechanism of the removal Cr(Ⅵ) from aqueous solution was assumed to be the integration of adsorption and redox reaction. The adsorption was the rate-controlled step for Cr(Ⅵ) removal. The adsorption of Cr(Ⅵ) has been identified as pseudo-second- order kinetics. The rate constants of adsorption have been evaluated.     

Intensification of adsorption process by using the pyrolytic char from waste tires to remove chromium(Ⅵ) from wastewater

Pyrolysis has the potential of transforming waste into valuable recyclable products. Pyrolytic char (PC) is one of the most important products from the pyrolysis of used tires. One of the most significant applications for pyrolytic char recovered is used for the removal of Cr( Ⅵ ) in the wastewater effluent to control waste by waste. The surface chemistry properties of surface element distribution/concentration and chemical structure were examined for the pyrolytic char and the commercial activated carbon(CAC) respectively. The results showed that surfaces of PC possesses a large amount of ester and hydrocarbon graft, whereas there are mainly carbon functional components of C-OH, C=O and COOH on the surface of CAC. Therefore the surface electronegativity of PC is lower than that of CAC in the water. The repulsive interactions between the surfaces of PC and the negatively charged Cr（Ⅵ ) ion are weaker than that of CAC,which results in an intensification of the adsorption process by the utilization of PC. The adsorption isotherms of Cr( Ⅵ ) ion on the two kinds of carbons were determined experimentally. The larger adsorption amount on the PC in the case of Cr( Ⅵ ) may be attributed mainly to its special surface micro-chemical environment. The mechanism of the removal Cr( Ⅵ ) from aqueous solution was assumed to be the integration of adsorption and redox reaction. The adsorption was the rate-controlled step for Cr( Ⅵ ) removal. The adsorption of Cr( Ⅵ )was identified as pseudo-second-order kinetics. The rate constants of adsorption were evaluated.     

Past changes in the abundance of diatoms as inferred from a sediment core from Hebe Haven, Saikung, Hong Kong

１　Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ１－１　ＤｉａｔｏｍｓＤｉａｔｏｍｓ（ＣｌａｓｓＢａｃｉｌｌａｒｉｏｐｈｙｃｅａｅ）ａｒｅｃｏｍｍｏｎａｎｄｗｉｄｅｌｙｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄｉｎｂｏｔｈｆｒｅｓｈａｎｄｍａｒｉｎｅｗａｔｅｒｓ（Ｍｏｓｅｒ，１９９６）．ＴｈｅｓｅｍｉｃｒｏｓｃｏｐｉｃｕｎｉｃｅｌｌｕｌａｒｐｌａｎｔｓｆｉｘａｍａｊｏｒｐｏｒｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＥａｒｔｈ○ｓｃａｒｂｏｎ，ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｏｘｙｇｅｎ，ａｎｄｓｕｐｐｌｙｆｏｏｄｔｏａｎｉｍａｌｓｗｈｉｃｈｆｅｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｍ（Ｄｉｘｉｔ…     

Monitoring of Potential carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic compounds in the emission from coal combustion

ＭｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇｏｆＰｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｃａｒｃｉｎｏｇｅｎｉｃｐｏｌｙｃｙｃｌｉｃａｒｏｍａｔｉｃｃｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｓｉｎｔｈｅｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｆｒｏｍｃｏａｌｃｏｍｂｕｓｔｉｏｎＣｕｉＷｅｎｘｕａｎ，ＹａｏＷｅｉｘｉ，ＸｕＸｉａｏｂａｉ（Ｒｅｓｅ...     

Asphalt fractions in airborne particles from highway traffic and the accumulation in plants

Ａｓｐｈａｌｔｆｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓｉｎａｉｒｂｏｒｎｅｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓｆｒｏｍｈｉｇｈｗａｙｔｒａｆｆｉｃａｎｄｔｈｅａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｎｐｌａｎｔｓ￥ＨｅＫｅｂｉｎ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，...     

Assessment of China''''s economic loss resulting from the degradation of agricultural land in the end of 20th century

IntroductionUnderanintegratedactionofhumaneconomicactivitiesandsomeadversenaturalfactors,farmlanddegradationisadynamicprocessthatcanleadtoanunbalancingofecologicalsystems,worseningofsoilquality ,adeclineinsoilrenewablecapacity ,andaweakeningofsoilcarryingcapacity.Usually ,thedegradationofagriculturallandincludesadiminishingofvegetation ,soildeterioration ,andnaturaleco environmentaldegradation .Farmlanddeteriora tionhasatwofoldmeaning :qualityandquantity .Allofthephenomenaandprocessesbroughtab…     

Precipitation-chemistry measurements from the California Acid Deposition monitoring program, 1985–1990

The configuration of the California Acid Deposition Monitoring Program (CADMP) precipitation network is described and quality assurance results summarized. Comparison of CADMP and the National Acid Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NADP/NTN) data at four parallel sites indicated that mean depth-weighted differences were less than 3 μeq ℓ⁻¹ for all ions, being statistically significant for ammonium, sulfate and hydrogen ion. These apparently small differences were 15–30% of the mean concentrations of ammonium, sulfate and hydrogen ion. Mean depth-weighted concentrations and mass deposition rates for the period 1985–1990 are summarized; the latter were highest either where concentrations or precipitation depths were relatively high.     

Study on the characteristics of air particulate from a petrochem ical com plex industrial site in the Southwestern Beijing

At petrochemical complex industrial sites in the southwestern suburb of Beijmg，oil has been the major energy source．The air particulate samples were collected separate!y for 3-4 consecutive days every month．The results showed that there are apparent correlations among monthly changes of weight of extracts，their mutagenicities and concentrations of PAHs．The weights for the day-time samples were higher than those for the night-time．Wights of extracts．revertant numbers．BαP concentration etc．were all lower for the petrochemical complex industrial site(PCIS)than for iron-steel complex site(ISCS)．However，mutagenicities per unit weight of extracts were higher for PCIS than for ISCS．