农药阿维菌素在水中的光解动态及机理

为了科学评价农药阿维菌素的环境安全性,采用室内模拟方法研究了其在水环境中的光解动态,考察了波长、光强和添加物质等对阿维菌素光降解的影响,进而利用LC/MS鉴定了其主要降解产物,并对降解机理进行了初步探讨.结果表明:紫外灯辐射波长对阿维菌素的光解速率影响较大,波长越短,越有利于阿维菌素的光降解;模拟太阳光强度越大,阿维菌素的光解速率越快;1%H_2O_2、0.1%TiO_2和10%丙酮作为添加物质都能加快阿维菌素的光解进程;通过分析阿维菌素光解产物的TIC图和质谱图,可能主要有两种代谢产物,分析了其降解途径及机理.     

毒草胺在环境中的降解特性研究

毒草胺是一种被广泛应用的农药,其在环境中的降解特性备受关注。文章采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了毒草胺的光解、水解及土壤降解特性。研究结果表明,毒草胺在光强为2 370l x、紫外强度为13.5μW.cm-2的人工光源氙灯条件下,光解半衰期为2.5 h,较易光解。25℃时在pH值为5.0、7.0和9.0的缓冲水溶液中,降解半衰期分别为147.5、173.3和239.0 d;50℃时半衰期分别为15.2、27.0和42.3 d,结果显示温度对其降解速率影响较大,温度增加,水解速率明显加快,水解半衰期降低约6~10倍。该药在江西红壤中降解半衰期为46.5 d,在太湖水稻土、东北黑土中降解半衰期分别为6.4和7.9 d,比较容易降解,主要为微生物降解。结果表明毒草胺在水体中具有一定的稳定性,尤其在避光条件下难以降解。但在土壤中,比较容易被微生物降解。     

菲在土壤中的微生物降解研究

研究了不同条件土壤中多环芳烃菲的降解动态。结果表明：温度和底物浓度对土壤中菲的降解有较大影响,未灭菌土壤中菲的降解半衰期为5.1d;从污染土壤中分离到一株高效降解菲的菌株,经16S rDNA鉴定为产碱杆菌属（Alcaligenes bacterium LBM.）,同源性高达99%;随着优势菌接种量增加,基础培养基中菲降解速率逐渐加快;Fe3＋、Co2＋和Cu2＋对优势菌降解菲能力均有不同程度影响,其中以Fe3＋影响最明显。     

UV-254 nm活化过硫酸盐降解麻黄碱的影响因素和机理

采用UV-254 nm活化过硫酸盐高级氧化技术去除水中污染物麻黄碱(EPH),并研究了其降解动力学过程和降解机理.考察了过硫酸盐(PS)投加量、EPH的初始浓度、不同pH值及不同离子(HCO~-_3、NO~-_3、Cl~-)对降解效果的影响.结果表明,UV-254 nm活化过硫酸盐工艺能有效去除实验条件下的EPH,其氧化降解反应符合二级动力学方程.EPH去除率随着PS投加量的增加而增大.pH对降解反应有较大的影响,在pH=7的条件下,反应速率最快,表观反应动力学常数(k_(obs))为0.467 min~(-1).进一步研究表明,HCO~-_3、NO~-_3和Cl~-对EPH的降解都存在抑制作用,在相同浓度下,其抑制程度依次为Cl~- NO~-_3 HCO~-_3.通过UPLC-MS/MS鉴定了麻黄碱降解的中间体,并提出了可能的降解机理和转化途径.     

Pt/TiO2对水中黑索今的光催化降解

在模拟日光下利用Pt/TiO2光催化剂对水中黑索今进行了光催化降解,有催化剂存在时,黑索今(RDX)的转化降解遵循一级反应动力学,RDX分子上的氮部分转化为硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮,催化剂的存在没有加快黑索今的转化速率,但是大大加快了溶液COD和中间产物亚硝酸盐的氧化,对10mg·l-1亚硝酸盐的光催化降解显示,亚硝酸盐氮在有催化剂存在时被氧化的速率提高了16.8倍.     

环氟菌胺在土壤和水-沉积物系统中的降解研究

环氟菌胺是一种新型酰胺类杀菌剂,其在环境中的归趋备受关注。采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了环氟菌胺在不同土壤和水-沉积物体系中的降解特性。结果表明,好氧条件下,其在江西红壤、太湖水稻土、东北黑土中降解速率分别为0.007、0.007、0.009 d~(-1),降解半衰期分别为99.0、99.0和77.0 d;积水厌气条件下降解速率为分别为0.004、0.004、0.011 d~(-1),降解半衰期为173、173和63.0 d。不同类型土壤中降解速率大小为江西红壤≈太湖水稻土东北黑土,土壤p H值是影响环氟菌胺在土壤中降解的主要因素。好氧条件下河流与湖泊水-沉积物系统中环氟菌胺总量的降解速率分别为0.032、0.028 d~(-1),降解半衰期分别为21.7和24.8 d;厌氧条件下其降解速率分别为0.028、0.023 d~(-1),降解半衰期分别为24.8和30.1 d。河流体系的降解速率高于湖泊体系,好氧条件下降解速率高于厌氧条件。环氟菌胺在水-沉积物体系中主要存在于沉积物中,系统降解速率主要受沉积物中的降解速率影响。环氟菌胺在土壤中具有较强稳定性,进入水-沉积物系统时主要分布于沉积物中,可能会对水体和土壤环境造成一定的污染。     

环境因素对六氯苯厌氧降解活性的影响

在厌氧污泥具备了较好的六氯苯（HCB）降解能力的基础上,采用标准血清瓶实验方法考察了反应温度、初始pH、摇床转速和营养元素等环境因素对厌氧污泥降解HCB活性的影响。实验设计的反应温度为25、30、35和40℃;初始pH为5.0、6.0、7.0和8.0;摇床转速为0和150r·min-1;营养元素有葡萄糖和维生素b12。用HCB浓度随时间的减少来表征微生物对其的降解活性。结果表明,反应温度对HCB的降解速率有很大影响,适宜温度为35℃左右。初始pH对HCB降解活性没有显著影响,但显示出有随初始pH增大而HCB降解活性增加的趋势。与静置条件相比,一定的混合作用有利于提高HCB的降解活性。有葡萄糖存在条件下,维生素b12对HCB的降解活性有明显的促进作用。温度及外加碳源（葡萄糖）是影响HCB厌氧降解活性的重要因素,并推测葡萄糖在HCB降解过程中提供电子供体方面发挥了重要作用。     

噻吩磺隆在棕壤中的降解特性

采用实验室模拟试验研究了微生物及不同环境条件对土壤中噻吩磺隆降解的影响。结果表明,噻吩磺隆降解速率与土壤温度、湿度呈正相关,与农药初始用量呈负相关,噻吩磺隆在土壤中的降解以微生物降解为主。当温度从5上升到35℃时,噻吩磺隆的降解速率增加了2.9倍;当土壤湿度从饱和含水量的25%提高到75%时,噻吩磺隆的降解半衰期由7.6缩短至2.6d;当土壤中噻吩磺隆初始用量从2.5增加到10.0mg.kg-1时,其降解半衰期由3.1延长至7.6d;未灭菌土壤中噻吩磺隆降解迅速,半衰期为3.9d,而灭菌土壤中噻吩磺隆降解半衰期延长至14.7d。     

土壤中石油污染物微生物修复动力学和机理初探

以正十六烷为代表污染物,研究2种微生物对烷烃的反应动力学方程,以及正十六烷的摄取和运输机理;确定吸附摄取和运输对整个代谢过程的影响.结果表明,降解菌对正十六烷均有一定的运输富集能力;2株菌对正十六烷的运输过程存在很大差别,DQ01对正十六烷的运输呈缓慢趋势,而DQ02对正十六烷的主动运输过程是比较快的.菌体对正十六烷的吸附和运输过程对于正十六烷的降解速度影响较小,限制污染物降解速率和程度的关键可能是降解过程.     

Al~0-O_2体系降解活性黄3RS溶液

酸性条件下,采用Al0-O2体系对活性黄3RS染料溶液进行降解,考察了活性黄3RS的初始浓度,p H、Al0的浓度、温度、Fe2+浓度等因素对其降解率的影响.结果表明,在p H=2和Al0浓度为1 g·L-1时,对50 mg·L-1活性黄3RS的降解率最高,反应150 min时最高可获得92%的降解率;降解后其COD值由126.35 mg·L-1降至49.44 mg·L-1;温度升高,活性黄3RS的降解率提高,其表观反应活化能为108.262 k J·mol-1;动力学分析表明该过程为一级反应,反应速率常数kobs=1.2×10-2s-1;当向体系中加入Fe2+时,其降解速率加快.     

Microbiota associated with the migration and transformation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in groundwater

Pollution of groundwater with chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) is a serious environmental problem which is threatening human health. Microorganisms are the major participants in degrading these contaminants. Here, groundwater contaminated for a decade with CAHs was investigated. Numerical simulation and field measurements were used to track and forecast the migration and transformation of the pollutants. The diversity, abundance, and possible activity of groundwater microbial communities at CAH-polluted sites were characterized by molecular approaches. The number of microorganisms was between 5.65E+05 and 1.49E+08 16S rRNA gene clone numbers per liter according to quantitative real-time PCR analysis. In 16S rRNA gene clone libraries constructed from samples along the groundwater flow, eight phyla were detected, and Proteobacteria were dominant (72.8 %). The microbial communities varied with the composition and concentration of pollutants. Meanwhile, toluene monooxygenases and methane monooxygenases capable of degradation of PCE and TCE were detected, demonstrating the major mechanism for PCE and TCE degradation and possibility for in situ remediation by addition of oxygen in this study.     

Substrate concentration and enzyme allocation can affect rates of microbial decomposition

A large proportion of the world's carbon is stored as soil organic matter (SOM). However, the mechanisms regulating the stability of this SOM remain unclear. Recent work suggests that SOM may be stabilized by mechanisms other than chemical recalcitrance. Here, we show that the mineralization rate of starch, a plant polymer commonly found in litter and soil, is concentration dependent, such that its decomposition rate can be reduced by as much as 50% when composing less than approximately 10% of SOM. This pattern is largely driven by low activities of starch-degrading enzymes and low inducibility of enzyme production by microbial decomposers. The same pattern was not observed for cellulose and hemicellulose degradation, possibly because the enzymes targeting these substrates are expressed at constitutively high levels. Nevertheless, given the heterogeneous distribution of SOM constituents, our results suggest a novel low-concentration constraint on SOM decomposition that is independent of chemical recalcitrance. These results may help explain the stability of at least some SOM constituents, especially those that naturally exist in relatively low concentrations in the soil environment.     

水热法制备PbMoO4微晶体及其光催化降解灭幼脲

以水热法合成的PbMoO4微晶体为催化剂,考察了反应溶液pH、污染物初始浓度和催化剂用量对光催化降解灭幼脲的影响,研究了光催化降解过程的反应动力学和作用机理.结果表明,最佳反应溶液pH 6.0、污染物初始浓度20 mg.L-1、催化剂用量0.4 g.L-1.反应4 h灭幼脲降解率达99.96%,矿化率达66.4%,降解反应符合一级动力学.通过加入自由基清除剂对比实验发现,PbMoO4微晶体主要通过空穴和.OH的氧化作用使灭幼脲降解,其中空穴起主要作用.     

Investigation of the effects of humic acid and H 2 O 2 on the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine assisted by microwave

A solution of atrazine in a TiO₂ suspension, an endocrine disruptor in natural water, was tentatively treated by microwave-assisted photocatalytic technique. The effects of mannitol, oxygen, humic acid, and hydrogen dioxide on the photodegradation rate were explored. The results could be deduced as follows: the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine fits the pseudo-first-order kinetic well with k = 0.0328 s⁻¹, and ·OH was identified as the dominant reactant. Photodegradation of atrazine was hindered in the presence of humic acid, and the retardation effect increased as the concentration of humic acid increased. H₂O₂ displayed a significant negative influence on atrazine photocatalysis efficiency. Based on intermediates identified with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques, the main degradation routes of atrazine are proposed.     

皇竹草对土壤阿特拉津的修复作用

通过盆栽试验探讨了种植皇竹草（Pennisetum hydridum）对阿特拉津污染土壤的修复效果,阿特拉津对皇竹草生长的影响,以及皇竹草对土壤微生物数量的影响,以期为阿特拉津污染土壤的植物修复提供参考。结果表明：在≤200 mg.kg-1质量分数范围以内,种植皇竹草对土壤阿特拉津的初期降解效率比对照明显提高,最大提高了29.64%,达到显著或极显著差异;阿特拉津质量分数在≤200 mg.kg-1范围内对皇竹草株高没有影响,≤50 mg.kg-1质量分数范围内对生物量没有影响,根冠比变化不明显;随阿特拉津质量分数的增加皇竹草根际和非根际土壤中的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量均呈先增加后减少的趋势,在质量分数为100 mg.kg-1时达到最大,根际土壤中细菌和放线菌数量明显高于非根际土壤,真菌数量在根际与非根际土壤中变化不明显。说明种植皇竹草有助于阿特拉津降解效率的提高,且与种植皇竹草后改变了土壤微生物数量及皇竹草的生长状况有关。     

Utilization of nano/micro-size iron recovered from the fine fraction of automobile shredder residue for phenol degradation in water

Phenol removal by n/m Fe in the presence of H₂O₂ was highly effective. Increasing the amounts of n/m Fe and H₂O₂?increased the phenol removal rate. Phenol removal was decreased with an increase in the concentration of phenol. The natural pH (6.9) of the solution was highly effective for phenol removal. The pseudo-first-order kinetics was best fitted for the degradation of phenol. The study investigates the magnetic separation of Fe from automobile shredder residue (ASR) (<0.25 mm) and its application for phenol degradation in water. The magnetically separated Fe was subjected to an ultrasonically assisted acid treatment, and the degradation of phenol in an aqueous solution using nano/micro-size Fe (n/m Fe) was investigated in an effort to evaluate the possibility of utilizing n/m Fe to remove phenol from wastewater. The prepared n/m Fe was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of the dosages of n/mFe, pH, concentration of phenol and amount of H₂O₂ on phenol removal were evaluated. The results confirm that the phenol degradation rate was improved with an increase in the dosages of n/mFe and H₂O₂; however, the rate is reduced when the phenol concentration is higher. The degradation of phenol by n/mFe followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The value of the reaction rate constant (k) was increased as the amounts of n/m Fe and H₂O₂ increased. Conversely, the value of k was reduced when the concentration of phenol was increased. The probable mechanism behind the degradation of phenol by n/m Fe is the oxidation of phenol through hydroxyl radicals which are produced during the reaction between H₂O₂ and n/m Fe.     

树脂负载α-FeOOH异相光Fenton降解水中己烷雌酚

以Amberlite200树脂为载体,在Fe(NO3)3-HNO3体系中恒温水解制备了负载型催化剂α-FeOOH/Resin,以己烷雌酚(HEX)为目标化合物,研究了α-FeOOH/Resin的异相Fenton催化性能.结果表明,α-FeOOH/Resin异相Fenton反应能够有效降解水中的HEX,紫外光和H2O2的协同作用很大程度地提高了降解效率;pH值的降低或初始H2O2浓度的提高,均能增加HEX的降解速率;在中性条件下,HEX的光Fenton降解过程中,溶出的铁元素对降解贡献不大,异相Fenton反应起主导作用;催化剂重复使用后仍具有较好的催化活性和机械强度,说明铁在其表面负载牢固,催化剂具有一定的实用性.