不同有机物料对水稻根表铁膜及砷镉吸收转运的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了油菜秸秆、蚕豆秸秆、泥炭、猪粪堆肥和生物炭这5种有机物料对贵州石灰岩黄壤区某砷（As）和镉（Cd）复合污染稻田土壤As/Cd有效性、水稻根表铁膜及As/Cd吸收转运的影响.结果表明,施用有机物料显著提高了有机质和水稻生物量;除油菜秸秆对土壤pH值影响不明显外,施用有机物料显著提高土壤pH值,使土壤有效Cd含量降低34.77%~82.69%;猪粪堆肥和生物炭使土壤有效As含量显著提高,油菜秸秆和泥炭处理使土壤有效As含量显著降低;施用有机物料有助于水稻根表铁膜的形成,并使其中Cd、As含量分别提高17.73%~151.03%和28.49%~94.86%,使水稻糙米Cd含量降低15.87%~79.45%,As含量降低27.04%~82.51%,降幅以生物炭处理最大;有机物料还显著降低Cd在根-茎-叶-籽粒的转运系数及As从茎向籽粒转运系数.相关分析表明,土壤pH、有效Cd和铁膜Cd含量是影响籽粒Cd累积的主要因素,土壤pH、有机质和铁膜As含量是影响籽粒As累积的主要因素.有机物料通过改变土壤pH、有机质含量及铁膜中As和Cd含量,影响水稻对As和Cd的吸收和转运.     

外源锌对水稻各部位镉吸收与累积的拮抗效应

为探明外源锌(Zn)对镉(Cd)污染稻田系统Cd吸收累积的影响,采用盆栽试验,向轻度(Cd含量为0.50 mg·kg~(-1))和中度(Cd含量为1.50 mg·kg~(-1))Cd污染土壤中施用不同浓度的外源Zn,研究Zn对土壤、水稻根表铁膜和水稻各部位中Cd、Zn含量变化的影响,探讨外源Zn对Cd污染稻田系统Cd吸收累积的交互作用.结果表明,在2种Cd污染土壤中,施用外源Zn显著降低了湘晚籼12糙米Cd含量,降低幅度为13.4%～78.4%;在轻度Cd污染土壤中,施用外源Zn显著降低了威优46糙米Cd含量,降低幅度为14.7%～79.8%,而在中度Cd污染土壤中,当外源Zn浓度超过40 mg·kg~(-1)将增加威优46糙米Cd含量;在2种Cd污染土壤下均显著增加2种水稻根表铁膜数量,分别增加14.7%～85.9%、5.8%～61.2%;但对土壤交换态Cd含量无显著影响.在2种Cd污染土壤中,2种水稻各部位Cd/Zn比值与Cd含量正线性相关,且各部位Cd/Zn比值呈下降趋势,2种水稻糙米、茎叶间Cd-Zn拮抗作用显著.轻度Cd污染土壤中,施加外源Zn可以降低湘晚籼12和威优46糙米中的Cd含量;中度Cd污染土壤中,外源Zn仍然可以降低湘晚籼12糙米Cd含量,而当外源Zn施加量高于40 mg·kg~(-1)时将增加威优46糙米的Cd含量.     

厌氧环境下美人蕉根表铁膜对重金属积累转运的影响

根表铁膜作为污染物进入植物体内的门户,对植物修复重金属污染底泥起着重要作用.有机物降解消耗DO导致的底泥厌氧环境会显著影响根表铁膜的形成,并改变重金属的生物地球化学特征,从而影响重金属污染底泥的植物修复效果.为了探讨底泥厌氧环境中植物根表铁膜对重金属积累和转运的影响,采用向底泥中投加蔗糖模拟底泥厌氧条件的方法,测定不同底泥厌氧水平下挺水植物美人蕉（Canna indica）的生物量、根表铁膜和植物组织内重金属的含量.结果表明:①底泥厌氧环境不利于美人蕉对Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的吸收,随着厌氧程度的增加,美人蕉对重金属的吸收量逐渐减少.②底泥厌氧环境能促进根表铁膜的形成及其对Cr和Ni的富集,重度厌氧环境中根表铁膜的含量为（10.40±0.30）g/kg（以根干质量计）,但厌氧环境抑制了铁膜对Cd、Pb和Zn的富集.③底泥厌氧环境不利于Ni从根表铁膜转运至植物组织,但轻度厌氧环境能促进Cr和Zn从根表铁膜转运至根系,且底泥厌氧环境对Cd、Pb和Cu的迁移转运无显著影响.研究显示,底泥厌氧环境促进了植物根表铁膜的形成,根表铁膜对重金属积累和转运的影响因底泥厌氧水平和重金属元素种类不同而不同.      

外源Fe调控根系微生物群落结构和功能对水稻Cd积累的影响

探究外源铁（Fe）在水稻镉（Cd）阻控效应方面的研究对保障粮食安全具有重要意义.通过水培实验,研究了3种Fe浓度（5、50和500 μmol·L^-1 EDTA-Na₂Fe）对水稻Cd的积累效应和根系微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,环境Fe浓度的增加促使水稻根表铁膜的形成,缺Fe和Fe充裕情况下均会促进根表铁膜对Cd的吸附固定.和正常Fe相比,缺Fe促进根Cd和地上部Cd累积,分别增加了49.76%和15.68%;而Fe充裕促进了根Cd的积累,增加了18.39%,但显著降低地上部Cd的含量,降低幅度为35.95%.采用16S rRNA高通量测序测定根系微生物群落结构并通过PCA、LEfSe和RDA等分析方法发现,和正常Fe相比,缺Fe环境会降低根系微生物的丰富度和均匀度,在门水平下Proteobacteria和Bacteroidetes为优势菌群,缺Fe抑制Bacteroidetes相对丰度的增加,Fe充裕使Proteobacteria相对丰度降低.而在属水平功能微生物Ensifer、Rhodopila、Bdellovibrio和Dyella等的相对丰度在不同处理下发生改变,可能通过影响根表铁膜的形成和其他生化过程继而影响水稻对Cd的吸收和积累.并且缺Fe环境对微生物功能影响高于Fe充裕环境.为探寻不同Fe环境下调控水稻根系微生物的群落结构变化,以降低水稻对Cd的吸收转运能力,进而为Fe对Cd的阻控机制提供理论依据,并为我国南方稻田Cd污染治理提供重要参考.     

组合液膜对自配淋洗液中Cd的提取回收效果

淋洗法是解决土壤重金属污染的有效方法之一,其对土壤Cd污染的治理效果较好,但需对Cd污染土壤进行淋洗后的含Cd淋洗废液进行再生和回收利用.为了克服传统液膜分离技术不稳定、膜溶液易流失等缺陷.采用P204（磷酸二异辛酯）为络合剂的组合液膜提取技术对自配土壤淋洗液中Cd2+进行提取,考察水相pH、w（P204）、接受相酸浓度、膜相与接受相体积比、接收相不同酸、水相初始c（Cd2+）对Cd2+提取率的影响,并提出动力学方程,进一步研究Cd2+在多金属离子分离条件.结果表明:①络合剂与Cd2+形成络合物在液膜系统中传输,最佳提取条件为pH 4.2、w（P204）5.0%、接受相酸浓度4.0 mol/L、膜相与接受相体积比1:3,接收相酸种类对提取率影响不明显;②水相c（Cd2+）越低,提取率越高;③基于传质动力学模型,建立了回收系数与水相pH和w（P204）的关系方程,分别为P_c=（3.20×104+2.03×1010[H+]2）-1和P_c-1=3.208×104+1.742[C0]-2,得到Cd2+通过料液和膜边界层的厚度（d_w）为17.8 μm,络合物通过膜的扩散系数（D_m0）为7.61×10-8 m2/s.研究显示,在最佳提取条件下,初始c（Cd2+）为5.0×10-3 mol/L时,240 min内提取率可达93%,通过调节多金属离子体系中Cd2+的提取条件与参数,或调节每种金属提取条件与参数,进行反复提取,Cd2+可以与其他重金属成功分离.      

水分管理与施硅对水稻根表铁膜及砷镉吸收的影响

为探明水分管理与施硅对土壤砷（As）/镉（Cd）生物有效性、水稻根表铁膜与As/Cd吸收的影响,以贵州省开阳县某砷镉复合污染水稻土为供试土壤,进行了水稻盆栽种植.设5种水分管理模式：全生育期淹水（T1）;移栽到抽穗后三周（0~105 d）淹水,其余时期湿润灌溉（含水率50%~60%）（T2）;移栽到抽穗前三周（0~65 d）淹水,抽穗到抽穗后三周（84~105 d）淹水,其余时期湿润灌溉（T3）;抽穗到抽穗后三周（84~105 d）淹水,其余时期湿润灌溉（T4）和全生育期湿润灌溉（T5）.硅设不施硅和施硅这2个水平.结果表明,淹水/湿润灌溉较单一淹水或单一湿润灌溉更利于根表铁膜（DCB-Fe）的形成,DCB-As/Cd含量随DCB-Fe含量升高而升高;施硅使土壤pH升高,有效As/Cd含量降低,DCB-As含量增加,除淹水处理外的DCB-Fe/Cd含量降低.淹水时间越短,水稻各部位对Cd积累量越高,对As积累量越低.施硅使水稻各部位生物量升高,As/Cd含量降低.其中根、茎、叶和籽粒的Cd含量分别降低4.23%~31.06%、11.41%~52.90%、1.74%~35.73%和19.25%~39.76%,As含量分别降低1.47%~52.60%、6.12%~63.02%、2.97%~28.41%和16.33%~61.23%.5种水分管理中,施硅结合T3水分管理可以实现水稻生物量最高及水稻对砷镉吸收量最小.因此,根据As/Cd实际污染情况合理进行水分管理与施硅可以有效降低土壤As/Cd生物有效性进而减少水稻对As/Cd的累积,实现农田安全生产.     

不同铁氧化物对小麦幼苗镉积累的影响

小麦富镉（Cd）问题受到广泛关注,铁氧化物具备降镉潜力.通过盆栽小麦幼苗实验,分析了三氧化二铁（Fe₂O₃）、氢氧化铁[Fe（OH）₃]及拜耳法赤泥（B-RM）3种铁氧化物的降镉能力.结果显示3种铁氧化物中,Fe（OH）₃可显著降低小麦幼苗茎叶Cd含量,与对照相比降幅为16.3%~27.7%,投加量为0.5%时降Cd效果最优.Fe（OH）₃能够显著降低小麦幼苗根部向茎叶的Cd转运,投加量为10%时富集系数及转运系数最低.小麦幼苗根际土壤Fe/Cd、Cu/Cd及Zn/Cd是影响小麦幼苗茎叶Cd积累的关键因子,当Fe/Cd>25000、Cu/Cd > 50或Zn/Cd > 100时,根际土壤元素比与茎叶镉含量呈显著负相关.该比值的确定对于大田应用中钝化剂材料投加量的确定具有指导意义.     

典型污染稻田水分管理对水稻镉累积的影响

为探讨不同成土母质镉污染稻田土壤进行水分管理对水稻镉吸收累积的影响,以南方典型成土母质花岗岩、板页岩和紫色砂页岩发育的3种水稻土为对象,通过盆栽试验对比分析了淹水和干湿交替2种水分管理模式下,土壤pH值、DTPA提取态重金属、水稻根表铁膜以及不同部位重金属含量等的差异.结果表明,长期淹水处理使花岗岩、板页岩和紫色砂页岩发育水稻土pH升高了0.17~1.33个单位.在水稻灌浆和成熟期,淹水处理的3种水稻土DTPA提取态镉（DTPA-Cd）含量较干湿交替降低了14.39%~36.56%（P<0.05）.但淹水处理土壤DTPA提取态铁（DTPA-Fe）含量较干湿交替上升了35.35%~347.25%（P<0.05）.3个生育时期水稻根表铁膜镉、锰（除铁膜铁外）元素含量在2种水分处理下变化趋势均为分蘖期 < 灌浆期 < 成熟期.淹水处理使3种稻田土中糙米镉含量较干湿交替降低了57.84%~93.79%,且花岗岩、板页岩发育水稻土淹水处理降镉效果显著（P<0.05）.将3种水稻土土壤pH、DTPA-Cd、DTPA-Fe、根表铁膜以及糙米镉含量进行相关性及结构方程模型（SEM）分析,发现淹水降低稻米镉累积主要是通过提高土壤pH及增加土壤Fe的有效性,从而降低了土壤Cd的有效性,并且改变水稻根表铁膜对镉的吸附固定量.因此,水分管理模式调控稻米镉累积效应在不同土壤母质类型间存在明显差异,受土壤理化性质及根表铁膜等多重因素影响,且在不同母质发育水稻土上的作用机制并不完全一致.在镉污染的花岗岩、板页岩发育水稻土上进行水分管理可有效降低土壤镉的有效性,达到削减水稻对镉吸收累积的目标.综上,对于水分管理调控水稻镉吸收累积应根据成土母质类型区别进行.     

1株肠杆菌与硫肥联合施用对水稻积累镉砷的影响

为探究不同硫肥联合硫酸盐还原菌在长期淹水条件下对水稻积累镉（Cd）和砷（As）,以及对根表铁膜形成的影响,为中轻度Cd-As复合污染稻田安全生产提供参考.采用盆栽试验的方法,选取了硫磺和硫酸钙两种硫肥及具有硫酸盐还原能力的肠杆菌M5,设计单一施用及不同硫肥与菌株联合施用共6个处理.结果显示,同时基施硫酸钙和菌株的处理（CM5）降低水稻根际土中有效态Cd和As的效果均最好.淹水条件下基施硫肥或菌株会使早稻籽粒中Cd含量降低8%~51%,无机As含量降低42%~61%;使晚稻籽粒中Cd含量降低81%~92%,无机As含量降低41%~62%.其中,同时基施硫磺和菌株的处理（SM5）和CM5处理降低早、晚稻籽粒中Cd、As含量效果均最佳.SM5处理和CM5处理能促进水稻根表铁膜对Cd、As的吸附,二者ACA提取态Cd和As含量较CK显著增加,且CM5处理ACA提取态铁含量较CK也显著增加,说明同时基施硫酸钙和菌株会促进水稻根表铁膜的形成.结果表明,硫肥和菌株联合施用相较单一施用降低籽粒中Cd、As含量的效果更好,而同时基施硫酸钙和菌株是效果最佳且最为稳定的方法.     

外源锌对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗生长及根系构型分级的影响

为探究不同浓度锌（Zn）对镉（Cd）胁迫条件下玉米幼苗生长及根系构型分级的影响,通过水培试验,以玉米品种郑单958为试验材料,研究Cd胁迫条件下（50 μmol·L^-1）,外源施加不同浓度Zn（0、10、25、50、100、200和400 μmol·L^-1）对玉米幼苗生长、根系构型及其分级特征、Cd含量及根系Cd吸收能力、光合系统的影响,并通过主成分分析和隶属函数法进行综合评价.结果表明,50 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫对玉米幼苗具有明显的毒害作用,使叶绿素含量和光合参数显著降低,主根长、株高、生物量、根分枝数和根尖数,包括Ⅰ~Ⅲ级径级区间的根长、根表面积及Ⅰ~Ⅱ级径级区间的根体积显著下降,阻碍了玉米幼苗的正常生长发育.施用100 μmol·L^-1和200 μmol·L^-1 Zn与不施Zn相比,降低了玉米幼苗对Cd的吸收,显著降低了Cd含量和Cd吸收效率,缓解了对玉米幼苗的毒害作用,使地上地下部鲜重、地上部干重、地上地下部耐受指数和根分枝数均显著升高;显著增强了玉米幼苗的光合作用,促使幼苗光合速率和总叶绿素含量显著升高;Ⅰ级径级区间的RL、Ⅰ~Ⅱ级径级区间的SA和RV在100 μmol·L^-1 Zn时达到最大,Ⅲ级径级区间的RL、SA和RV在200 μmol·L^-1 Zn时达到最大,均显著高于不施Zn处理;玉米幼苗生长耐受性综合评价表明,100 μmol·L^-1和200 μmol·L^-1 Zn缓解Cd毒害作用效果较好.综合分析可知,施加适宜浓度的Zn可以降低玉米幼苗植株内Cd含量、根系Cd吸收能力及Cd吸收效率,提高玉米幼苗生物量的积累,减轻Cd毒害对根系构型的影响,减少对光合系统的影响,提高玉米幼苗对Cd的耐受性.     

Variations between rice cultivars in iron and manganese plaque on roots and the relation with plant cadmium uptake

To understand certain mechanisms causing variations between rice cultivars with regard to cadmium uptake and tolerance, pot soil experiments were conducted with two rice cultivars of di erent genotypes under di erent soil Cd levels. The relationships between plant Cd uptake and iron/manganese (Fe/Mn) plaque formation on roots were investigated. The results showed that rice cultivars di ered markedly in Cd uptake and tolerance. Under soil Cd treatments, Cd concentrations and accumulations in the cultivar Shanyou 63 (the genotype indica) were significantly higher than those in the cultivar Wuyunjing 7 (the genotype japonica) (P < 0.01, or P < 0.05), and Shanyou 63 was more sensitive to Cd toxicity than Wuyunjing 7. The di erences between the rice cultivars were the largest at relatively low soil Cd level (i.e., 10 mg/kg). Fe concentrations in dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate root extracts of Shanyou 63 were generally lower than that of Wuyunjing 7, and the di erence was the most significant under the treatment of 10 mg Cd/kg soil. The results indicated that the formation of iron plaque on rice roots could act as a barrier to soil Cd toxicity, and may be a “bu er” or a “reservoir” which could reduce Cd uptake into rice roots. And the plaque may contribute, to some extent, to the genotypic di erences of rice cultivars in Cd uptake and tolerance.     

Interactions of zinc and cadmium toxicity in their effects on growth and in antioxidative systems in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum)

The interaction between zinc and cadmium was investigated in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). Ten-day-old seedlings were treated with 10 μmol/L CDC12 associated to different concentrations of ZnC12 (10, 50, 100, and 150 μmol/L). Zn supply clearly reduced Cd accumulation in leaves and simultaneously increased Zn concentration. Cd induced oxidative stress in leaves as indicated by an increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) level and chlorophyll breakdown. Furthermore, compared with control, Cdtreate plants had significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), whereas, catalase (CAT, EC 1.111.1.6),ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) activities were significantly suppressed by Cd addition. Zn supplementation, at low level, restored and enhanced the functional activity of these enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX and GR) as compared to Cd-alone-treated plants. The beneficial effect of adequate Zn level on Cd toxicity was confirmed by a significant decrease in TBARS level and restoration of chlorophyll content. However, when Zn was added at high level in combination with Cd there was an accumulation of oxidative stress, which was higher than that for Cd or excess Zn alone treatments. These results suggested that higher Zn concentrations and Cd are synergistic in their effect on plant growth parameters and oxidative stress.     

外源锌刺激下水稻对土壤镉的累积效应

采用水稻盆栽实验研究不同含量外源Zn对模拟Cd中度污染和重度污染土壤中水稻低累积品种湘晚籼12和高累积品种威优46水稻各部位累积Cd的影响.结果表明,在Cd中度污染水平,外源Zn分别增大2种水稻各部位Cd含量,湘晚籼12和威优46糙米Cd含量分别增加125.0%~275.0%和6.6%~91.2%,但各处理糙米Cd含量不高于0.2 mg·kg~(-1);在Cd重度污染水平,外源Zn有降低水稻各部位中Cd含量的作用,湘晚籼12和威优46糙米Cd含量相应降低了16.6%~63.5%和15.6%~74.4%,且威优46糙米Cd含量随外源Zn施用含量的增大而逐渐降低,使得糙米中Cd含量低于0.2 mg·kg~(-1).水稻糙米累积Cd含量与土壤中Cd、Zn交换态含量的相关关系,因Cd污染程度和水稻品种的不同而不同.在Cd中度污染水平,湘晚籼12水稻糙米Cd含量与土壤中交换态Zn含量正线性相关,而威优46水稻糙米Cd含量与土壤中交换态Cd和Zn含量正线性相关;在Cd重度污染水平,威优46水稻糙米Cd含量与土壤中交换态Cd和Zn含量为负线性相关.在不造成土壤Zn污染的前提下,可向Cd重度污染土壤施用一定量的Zn肥,以降低糙米Cd含量,提高糙米品质.     

Effect of external and internal phosphate status on arsenic toxicity and accumulation in rice seedlings

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is thought to exacerbate the arsenic (As) phytotoxicity in paddy rice. The experiments were conducted to investigate the e ects of external phosphate supply on As accumulation in rice and its toxicity under phosphate deficiency conditions. Rice seedlings pretreated with a phosphorus deficient nutrient solution (–P) for 14 d accumulated more As than those pretreated with a normal phosphorus supply nutrient solution (+P). Rice protreated with –P showed As toxicity symptoms after being exposed to 50 mol/L arsenate for 4 h, while +P rice did not show any toxicity symptoms. Arsenic toxicity symptoms can be alleviated by increasing external P concentrations. The arsenate uptake rate and accumulation corresponded with the As toxicity in rice plants. Arsenic concentrations in rice roots decreased with increasing external phosphate concentrations. The lowest As accumulation and the highest P accumulation were found when the external P concentration reached 100 mol/L. In short, P deficiency increased the sensitivity of rice to arsenate and increasing of external phosphate supply could alleviate As toxicity.     

施硅对高浓度Cd污染土壤中水稻植株Cd积累与分配的调控

为了评估施硅处理对Cd在水稻(Oryza sativa. L)体内迁移的影响,通过外源添加Cd(CdCl₂)制成w(Cd)为50、100 mg/kg的污染土壤,采用盆栽试验研究不同施硅量〔w(Si)分别为0、28、56 mg/kg〕对Cd污染土壤中水稻(以华航丝苗和黄华占为例)植株中Cd积累与分配的影响. 结果表明:施硅处理可明显影响水稻根部w(Cd),表现为增加华航丝苗根部w(Cd)、降低黄花占根部w(Cd),但两个品种根部Cd累积量均呈增加趋势. 施硅处理后华航丝苗和黄华占的叶、谷壳、糊粉层及精米中w(Cd)、Cd累积量均呈降低趋势,并且在施硅量为56 mg/kg时显著降低;施硅处理显著降低了华航丝苗和黄华占茎中w(Cd)以及华航丝苗茎中Cd累积量,同时增加了黄花占茎中Cd累积量. 施硅可显著降低精米中w(Cd),在w(Cd)为50和100 mg/kg的Cd污染水平下,华航丝苗和黄华占精米中w(Cd)较未施硅处理下的最大降幅分别达到32.49%、53.77%和24.73%、20.67%. 施硅对水稻植株各器官的Cd富集系数、转移系数和分配系数都有一定影响,施硅处理下水稻植株地上部各器官的Cd富集系数和转移系数均呈降低趋势,根部Cd分配比例显著增加. 研究显示,施硅对高浓度Cd污染土壤中水稻植株Cd积累与分配有一定调节作用,并因土壤中w(Cd)、施硅量、水稻品种及稻株器官的不同而存在差异.      

叶面喷施2,3-二巯基丁二酸对水稻幼苗镉吸收转运及抗氧化系统的影响

稻米Cd超标问题已成为社会各界广泛关注的热点问题之一,探索降低Cd向地上部转运并缓解水稻Cd胁迫的新方法,对保障食品安全具有重要意义.本研究拟通过在水稻幼苗叶面喷施2,3-二巯基丁二酸(DMSA)评估利用该重金属螯合剂降低Cd向水稻地上部转运并缓解Cd胁迫的可行性.以我国南方水稻主栽品种之一中早35幼苗为研究材料,采用水培法研究了叶面喷施不同浓度DMSA对Cd在水稻幼苗体内吸收转运的影响,同时考察了对水稻幼苗丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量以及对抗氧化酶过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响.结果表明,叶面喷施DMSA 0.2、 0.4和1.0 mmol·L~(-1) 4次后,水稻幼苗地上部Cd含量随着DMSA喷施浓度增加呈显著降低趋势, 3种处理浓度与对照相比分别降低22.1%、 39.7%和43.5%,但是对水稻幼苗根部Cd含量无显著影响;对地上部及根中K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn和Mn这6种矿质元素含量无显著影响;喷施4次DMSA后显著降低了幼苗地上部MDA和GSH含量,同时使CAT和SOD活性显著增加,有效缓解了Cd对水稻幼苗造成的胁迫效应.DMSA能抑制Cd从水稻根部向地上部转运,同时不影响对人体必需矿质营养元素的吸收和转运,具备成为水稻降Cd叶面调理剂的潜力.     

Combined toxicity of copper and cadmium to six rice genotypes （Oryza sativa L.）

Accumulation of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in six rice cultivars (94D-22, 94D-54, 94D-64, Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360) was evaluated through exposure to heavy metal contamination (100 mg/kg Cu, 1.0 mg/kg Cd, and 100 mg/kg Cu + 1.0 mg/kg Cd) in a greenhouse. The dry weight of shoot and root, concentrations of Cu and Cd in plant tissues and the Cu, Cd, P, Fe concentrations in the root surface iron plaques were analyzed eight weeks later after treatment. The results indicated that the plant biomass was mainly determined by rice genotypes, not Cu and Cd content in soil. Separated treatment with Cu/Cd increased each metal level in shoot, root and iron plaques. Soil Cu enhanced Cd accumulation in tissues. In contrast, Cu concentrations in shoot and root was unaffected by soil Cd. Compared to single metal contamination, combined treatment increased Cd content by 110.6%, 77.0% and 45.2% in shoot, and by 112.7%, 51.2% and 18.4% in root for Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360, respectively. The content level of Cu or Cd in root surface iron plaques was not affected by their soil content. Cu promoted Fe accumulation in iron plaques, while Cd has no effect on P and Fe accumulation in it. The translocation of Cu and Cd from iron plaques to root and shoot was also discussed. These results might be beneficial in selecting cultivars with low heavy metal accumulation and designing strategies for soil bioremediation.     

Interactions of zinc and cadmium toxicity in their effects on growth and in antioxidative systems in tomato plants （Solanum lycopersicum）

The interaction between zinc and cadmium was investigated in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). Ten-day-old seedlings were treated with 10 mol/L CdCl2 associated to di erent concentrations of ZnCl2 (10, 50, 100, and 150 mol/L). Zn supply clearly reduced Cd accumulation in leaves and simultaneously increased Zn concentration. Cd induced oxidative stress in leaves as indicated by an increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) level and chlorophyll breakdown. Furthermore, compared with control, Cdtreated plants had significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), whereas, catalase (CAT, EC 1.111.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) activities were significantly suppressed by Cd addition. Zn supplementation, at low level, restored and enhanced the functional activity of these enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX and GR) as compared to Cd-alone-treated plants. The beneficial e ect of adequate Zn level on Cd toxicity was confirmed by a significant decrease in TBARS level and restoration of chlorophyll content. However, when Zn was added at high level in combination with Cd there was an accumulation of oxidative stress, which was higher than that for Cd or excess Zn alone treatments. These results suggested that higher Zn concentrations and Cd are synergistic in their e ect on plant growth parameters and oxidative stress.     

紫云英还田配施石灰对水稻镉吸收转运的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了紫云英(CMV)与石灰(L)单施及两者配施(CMVL)对土壤Cd有效性、水稻根表胶膜及Cd吸收转运的影响.结果表明:L与CMVL处理土壤pH值分别显著提高2.11～2.43和1.68～2.48个单位、二乙烯三胺五乙酸提取态(DTPA-Cd)含量分别显著降低18.88％～40.53％和20.74％...