含溴水源水臭氧处理时溴酸盐的产生与控制

针对南方某含溴水库水(溴离子浓度15～38μg·L-1),利用连续运行实验装置研究了臭氧氧化时溴酸盐的产生条件,同时初步考察了后续生物活性炭(BAC)对溴酸盐的去除效果.研究结果表明,单独采用预臭氧方式时,在臭氧消耗量控制为2.0mg·L-1以内的条件下,溴酸离子浓度低于6 μg·L-1;而采用预臭氧与后臭氧联合处理时,在总臭氧消耗量为2.0mg·L-1的条件下,出现了溴酸离子超标(10μg·L-1)情况.长期运行结果表明,尽管新炭对溴酸离子没有去除效果,但系统连续运行3个月后,BAC上的微生物对溴酸盐具有一定的去除能力.     

臭氧预氧化对藻细胞及胞外分泌物消毒副产物生成势的影响

以处于对数生长期后期的悦目颤藻为研究对象,研究了藻细胞及胞外分泌物对氯化消毒副产物生成势(DBPFP)的贡献,以及臭氧预氧化对DBPFP的影响规律,即不同臭氧投量及预氧化时间对DBPFP的影响,并探讨臭氧预氧化控制消毒副产物生成势的原因.研究表明,藻细胞和胞外分泌物的三卤甲烷类副产物都主要是氯仿和一溴二氯甲烷,卤乙酸类副产物都主要是二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸.颤藻细胞和其EOM本身及经臭氧预氧化混凝后形成卤乙酸的能力基本都高于形成三卤甲烷的能力,在实际含藻水的处理中,应该更加重视对卤乙酸的控制.臭氧预氧化可以降低胞外分泌物形成氯化消毒副产物(DBP)的能力,且随着反应时间延长,DBPFP降低越多.在本试验条件下,0.975 mg/L臭氧预氧化10min后混凝,可比单纯混凝降低胞外分泌物DBPFP 31%,其中HAAFP降低52.6%,而THMFP却升高12.5%,可见臭氧预氧化控制胞外分泌物DBPFP主要原因是其可以很好地控制卤乙酸生成势.同时臭氧预氧化会使含藻细胞水样的DBPFP大幅度升高,且随着氧化时间延长,各种氯化消毒副产物生成势几乎呈线性增加.在实际水处理中,应在去除藻细胞之后再进行臭氧氧化以控制DBPFP.     

臭氧-混凝交互作用对混凝效果的影响

采用臭氧-混凝联用(臭氧与混凝剂同时投加)和预臭氧混凝(预臭氧后待水中臭氧浓度为0后再投加混凝剂)两种方式处理水样,分析其氧化、混凝效果和消毒副产物生成势(DBPFP)等的差异,研究臭氧-混凝交互作用对处理效果的影响.结果表明,联用和预臭氧混凝效果之间存在明显差异.联用工艺中臭氧与混凝剂间发生交互作用,导致混凝剂水解形态分布发生改变是影响混凝效果的重要原因.联用处理后水样的浊度高于预臭氧混凝,主要原因之一在于臭氧降低了混凝剂水解形态分布中Alb的含量;Cl-DBPFP低于预臭氧混凝出水,是混凝剂Al Cl3及其某些水解形态对臭氧具有催化氧化的作用,促进了消毒副产物前驱物的氧化降解所致.联用对MCAA和CF生成势的去除效果显著强于预臭氧混凝,其中MCAAFP分别为5.6μg·L-1和16.9μg·L-1,CFFP分别为12.5μg·L-1和24.1μg·L-1.臭氧与混凝剂交互作用显著影响混凝效果及消毒副产物的生成,是臭氧和混凝配合使用安全性研究中需要重点关注的内容.因而,相关科研和实际水处理工艺中必须明确预臭氧及混凝剂投加位点和相对次序.     

臭氧催化氧化控制溴酸盐生成效能与机理

比较了单独臭氧氧化和金属氧化物存在下臭氧催化氧化过程中溴酸盐的生成规律,探讨了催化剂投量、溴离子浓度、水的pH值、反应温度等对臭氧催化氧化控制溴酸盐生成的影响规律及在催化剂存在下控制溴酸盐生成的机理.结果表明,催化剂投量从0 mg/L增加到250 mg/L,能减少溴酸盐生成量85.1%;当溴离子浓度为0.5、1.0、2.0 mg/L时,臭氧催化氧化分别能减少溴酸盐生成量69.2%、83.5%和15.2%,溴离子浓度变化对催化作用的影响无明显规律;pH值升高会降低催化作用的效果;反应温度在5～25℃之间时,臭氧催化氧化能降低43%～59%的溴酸根生成量(溴离子浓度1.5 mg/L),反应温度变化不影响催化效果.催化剂通过抑制臭氧对次溴酸的氧化减少了溴酸根的生成量.催化剂表面的某些基团与硫酸根络合会削弱臭氧催化氧化控制溴酸根生成的能力,因此,利用催化剂控制溴酸盐的机理与催化剂表面性质密切相关.     

臭氧投加量对臭氧生物活性炭工艺处理水库水影响的中试

臭氧投加量是O₃/BAC(臭氧/生物活性炭)工艺中的重要参数,直接影响净水效果和处理费用. 试验分别采用预臭氧+常规工艺+生物活性炭工艺(下称工艺Ⅰ)和常规工艺+主臭氧+生物活性炭工艺(下称工艺Ⅱ),以COD_Mn和浊度的去除率、UV₂₅₄降幅为评价指标,确定了O₃/BAC工艺中最佳预臭氧投加量和最佳主臭氧投加量,并分别对比了臭氧投加前后工艺Ⅰ和工艺Ⅱ对污染物的去除效果. 结果表明:工艺Ⅰ中,最佳预臭氧投加量为0.78mg/L,该预臭氧投加量下COD_Mn去除率和UV₂₅₄降幅分别较无预臭氧工艺提高28.8%和43.7%;工艺Ⅱ中,最佳主臭氧投加量为1.20mg/L,该主臭氧投加量下COD_Mn去除率和UV₂₅₄降幅分别较无主臭氧工艺提高44.8%和73.3%. 可见,在合适的臭氧投加量下,O₃/BAC工艺能够高效去除丹江口水库水中的有机污染物,使水质得到显著改善,投加主臭氧的工艺Ⅱ对污染物的去除效果比投加预臭氧的工艺Ⅰ更好.      

地下水中铁、锰离子臭氧处理技术的研究

臭氧处理能够有效去除地下水中的铁、锰离子,是提高饮用水品质的环保工艺之一.本文使用臭氧发生器和金属离子氧化装置,对配制有2.6 mg/L Fe2+和1.0 mg/L Mn 2+的模拟地下水进行臭氧处理,系统地研究了臭氧浓度、溶液pH值、反应温度、絮凝剂类型及用量、碳酸氢盐浓度等工艺参数对金属离子去除率的影响.实验结果表...     

臭氧/沸石工艺处理水中硝基苯的效能研究

在连续反应器中,考察了臭氧/沸石工艺在不同条件下去除硝基苯的效果.结果表明,臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除效率明显高于单纯臭氧氧化,反应7 min后,硝基苯去除率达到100％,并且该反应符合假一级反应动力学.叔丁醇能抑制臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除效率,表明在氧化去除硝基苯过程中羟基自由基起主导作用.增加沸石投量和臭氧浓度均能有效地提高臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除效率,并且臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除速率与沸石投量之间存在1个最优值,与臭氧浓度呈线性关系.臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除速率与初始硝基苯浓度无关.离子强度对臭氧/沸石工艺降解硝基苯的效率影响较大,当离子强度从0增加到1×10^-3　mol/L时,臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除率从81.2％降低至31.6％.pH值主要影响臭氧的分解能力,随着溶液pH降低,臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除效率逐渐下降.沸石具有较长的使用寿命.     

臭氧预氧化对饮用水处理作用的实验研究

目前,饮用水污染严重,常规工艺处理出现了水质不能达标的现象.本文主要研究在常规工艺增加预臭氧-活性炭过滤工艺,对不同的预臭氧投加量进行实验.结果表明:预臭氧投加量,对工艺各单元的处理效果有一定关系,随着投加量的增加,各单元对浊度、CODMn、UV254的去除呈现增大后趋于平缓甚至下降的趋势,而最佳臭氧的投加量为0.65 mg/L.为实际预臭氧-活性炭过滤工艺的运行提供指导.     

臭氧预氧化对饮用水处理作用的实验研究

目前,饮用水污染严重,常规工艺处理出现了水质不能达标的现象.本文主要研究在常规工艺增加预臭氧-活性炭过滤工艺,对不同的预臭氧投加量进行实验.结果表明:预臭氧投加量,对工艺各单元的处理效果有一定关系,随着投加量的增加,各单元对浊度、CODMn、UV254的去除呈现增大后趋于平缓甚至下降的趋势,而最佳臭氧的投加量为0.65 mg/L.为实际预臭氧-活性炭过滤工艺的运行提供指导.     

两级臭氧-活性炭组合工艺净化太湖水中试研究

采用两级臭氧-活性炭组合工艺在以太湖水为水源的某水厂进行深度处理中试研究。结果表明:该组合处理工艺对有机污染物有稳定的去除效果,在预臭氧投加量为0.5 mg/L、主臭氧投加量为0.7 mg/L下,相对于原水对CODMn,UV254(紫外吸光度),DOC,THMEP,氨氮,亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮的平均去除率分别为47.06%,80%,31.92%,58.9%,65.5%,81.25%和9.1%,出水满足GB 5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》的要求,炭滤池出水中臭氧消毒副产物均低于标准限值,组合工艺对有害物质冲击负荷有一定的抵抗能力。     

生物活性炭内吸附与生物降解协同去除有机污染物

本研究建立了一个确定BAC内2种机理去除有机物分配比例的试验方法.该方法以BAC进出水中溶解性有机碳（DOC）与可生物降解有机碳（BDOC）浓度变化作为评价参数,并利用此方法确定了臭氧投加量对2种去除机理的影响.臭氧化可以使BDOC浓度增加,臭氧投量为2～8mg/L时,BDOC增加0.12～0.54mg/L;BAC过滤使出水BDOC浓度降低为0.23～0.31mg/L.随着臭氧投量增加（2～8mg/L）,在BAC内生物降解作用去除有机物比例从46%增加到89%.     

Addition of hydrogen peroxide for the simultaneous control of bromate and odor during advanced drinking water treatment using ozone

Complete removal of the characteristic septic/swampy odor from Huangpu River source water could only be achieved under an ozone dose as high as 4.0 mg/L in an ozone-biological activated carbon （O3- BAC） process, which would lead to the production of high concentrations of carcinogenic bromate due to the high bromide content. This study investigated the possibility of simultaneous control of bromate and the septic/swampy odor by adding H2O2 prior to the O3-BAC process for the treatment of Huangpu River water. H2O2 addition could reduce the bromate concentration effectively at an H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio of 0.5 or higher. At the same time, the septic/swampy odor removal was enhanced by the addition of H2O2, although optimization of the H2O2/O3 ratio was required for each ozone dose. At an ozone dose of 2.0 mg/L, the odor was removed completely at an H2O2/O3 ratio of 0.5. The results indicated that H2O2 application at a suitable dose could enhance the removal of the septic/swampy odor while suppressing the formation of bromate during ozonation of Huangpu River source water.     

Advanced oxidation of bromide-containing drinking water：A balance between bromate and trihalomethane formation control

Addition of H2O2 has been employed to repress bromate formation during ozonation of bromide-containing source water. However, the addition of H2O2 will change the oxidation pathways of organic compounds due to the generation of abundant hydroxyl radicals, which could affect the removal efficacy of trihalomethane precursors via the combination of ozone and biological activated carbon （O3-BAC）. In this study, we evaluated the effects of H2O2 addition on bromate formation and trihalomethane formation potential （THMFP） reduction during treatment of bromide-containing （97.6-129.1 μg/L） source water by the O3-BAC process. At an ozone dose of 4.2 mg/L, an H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio of over 1.0 was required to maintain the bromate concentration below 10.0 μg/L, while a much lower H2O2/O3 ratio was sufficient for a lower ozone dose. An H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio below 0.3 should be avoided since the bromate concentration will increase with increasing H2O2 dose below this ratio. However, the addition of H2O2 at an ozone dose of 3.2 mg/L and an H2O2/O3 ratio of 1.0 resulted in a 43% decrease in THMFP removal when compared with the O3-BAC process. The optimum H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio for balancing bromate and trihalomethane control was about 0.7-1.0. Fractionation of organic materials showed that the addition of H2O2 decreased the removal efficacy of the hydrophilic matter fraction of DOC by ozonation and increased the reactivity of the hydrophobic fractions during formation of trihalomethane, which may be the two main reasons responsible for the decrease in THMFP reduction efficacy. Overall, this study clearly demonstrated that it is necessary to balance bromate reduction and THMFP control when adopting an H2O2 addition strategy.     

Formation potentials of typical DBPs and changes of genotoxicity for chlorinated tertiary effluent pretreated by ozone

The effects of ozonation on the formation potential of typical disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and the changes of genotoxicity during post chlorination of tertiary effluent from a sewage treatment plant were investigated. Ozonation enhanced the yields of all detected chlorine DBPs except CHCl3. At a chlorine dose of 5 mg/L, the three brominated THMs and five HAAs increased, while chloroform decreased with the increase of ozone dose from 0 to 10 mg/L (ozone dose in consumption base). At a chlorine dose of 10 mg/L, the two mixed bromochloro species THMs and two dominant HAAs (DCAA and TCAA) firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of ozone dose, with the turning point approximately occurring at an ozone dose of 5 mg/L. The genotoxicity detected using umu test, on the other hand, was removed from 7 μg 4-NQO/L to a negligible level by ozonation under an ozone dose of 5 mg/L. Chlorination could further remove the genotoxicity to some extent. It was found that SUVA (UV absorbance divided by DOC concentration) might be used as an indicative parameter for monitoring the removal of genotoxicity during the oxidation.     

Formation potentials of typical disinfection byproducts and changes of genotoxicity for chlorinated tertiary e uent pretreated by ozone

The effects of ozonation on the formation potential of typical disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and the changes of genotoxicity during post chlorination of tertiary effluent from a sewage treatment plant were investigated. Ozonation enhanced the yields of all detected chlorine DBPs except CHCl3. At a chlorine dose of 5 mg/L, the three brominated THMs and five HAAs increased, while chloroform decreased with the increase of ozone dose from 0 to 10 mg/L (ozone dose in consumption base). At a chlorine dose of 10 mg/L, the two mixed bromochloro species THMs and two dominant HAAs (DCAA and TCAA) firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of ozone dose, with the turning point approximately occurring at an ozone dose of 5 mg/L. The genotoxicity detected using umu test, on the other hand, was removed from 7 μg 4-NQO/L to a negligible level by ozonation under an ozone dose of 5 mg/L. Chlorination could further remove the genotoxicity to some extent. It was found that SUVA (UV absorbance divided by DOC concentration) might be used as an indicative parameter for monitoring the removal of genotoxicity during the oxidation.     

Disinfection byproduct formation from algal organic matters after ozonation or ozone combined with activated carbon treatment with subsequent chlorination

Algal organic matter (AOM), including extracellular organic matter (EOM) and intracellular organic matter (IOM) from algal blooms, is widely accepted as essential precursors of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). This study evaluated the effect of ozonation or ozone combined with activated carbon (O₃-AC) treatment on characteristic alternation and DBP formation with subsequent chlorination of Chlorella sp.. The effects of pH and bromide concentration on DBP formation by ozonation or O₃-AC treatment were also investigated. Results showed that the potential formation of DBPs might be attributed to ozonation, but these DBP precursors could be further removed by activated carbon (AC) treatment. Moreover, the formation of target DBPs was controlled at acidic pH by alleviating the reactions between chlorine and AOM. Besides, the bromide substitution factor (BSF) value of trihalomethanes (THMs) from EOM and IOM remained constant after AC treatment. However, THM precursors could be significantly decreased by AC treatment. The above results indicated that O₃-AC was a feasible treatment method for algal-impacted water.     

臭氧生物活性炭工艺运行中产生溴酸盐的可能性分析

为合理评估应用臭氧生物活性炭工艺中溴酸盐的生成情况,提出既能保证出水水质又能降低溴酸盐超标风险的方案.进行了小试与中试试验,系统地从原水水质和工艺参数两个方面入手,研究水质因素、初始溴离子浓度和臭氧氧化条件等对溴酸盐生成的影响,同时分析生物活性炭对溴酸盐的去除能力.结果表明:高初始溴离子浓度水平和臭氧接触程度(Ct值)促使更多BrOx-生成.在相同Ct值条件下,升高臭氧投加浓度可使溴酸盐生成量增高200%左右.以长江南京段江心洲夹江下游原水进行臭氧生物活性炭深度处理不会产生溴酸盐超标风险.生物活性炭(BAC)对于溴酸盐去除效果并不明显.运用臭氧生物活性炭工艺进行深度处理时,工艺中应着重注意控制溴酸盐在臭氧化过程中的生成而非依靠后续生物活性炭将其去除.     

Formation potentials of typical disinfection byproducts and changes of genotoxicity for chlorinated tertiary effluent pretreated by ozone

The effects of ozonation on the formation potential of typical disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and the changes of genotoxicity during post chlorination of tertiary effluent from a sewage treatment plant were investigated. Ozonation enhanced the yields of all detected chlorine DBPs except CHCl3. At a chlorine dose of 5 mg/L, the three brominated THMs and five HAAs increased, while chloroform decreased with the increase of ozone dose from 0 to 10 mg/L (ozone dose in consumption base). At a chlorine dose of 10 ...     

Changes in different organic matter fractions during conventional treatment and advanced treatment

XAD-8 resin isolation of organic matter in water was used to divide organic matter into the hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions. A pilot plant was used to investigate the change in both fractions during conventional and advanced treatment processes. The treatment of hydrophobic organics (HPO), rather than hydrophilic organicas (HPI), should carry greater emphasis due to HPO’s higher trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) and haloacetic acid formation potential (HAAFP). The removal of hydrophobic matter and its transmission into hydrophilic matter reduced ultimate DBP yield during the disinfection process. The results showed that sand filtration, ozonation, and biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration had distinct influences on the removal of both organic fractions. Additionally, the combination of processes changed the organic fraction proportions present during treatment. The use of ozonation and BAC maximized organic matter removal e ciency, especially for the hydrophobic fraction. In sum, the combination of pre-ozonation, conventional treatment, and O3-BAC removed 48% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 60% of HPO, 30% of HPI, 63% of THMFP, and 85% of HAAFP. The use of conventional treatment and O3-BAC without pre-ozonation had a comparable performance, removing 51% of DOC, 56% of HPO, 45% of HPI, 61% of THMFP, and 72% of HAAFP. The e ectiveness of this analysis method indicated that resin isolation and fractionation should be standardized as an applicable test to help assess water treatment process e ciency.     

Characterization of dissolved organic matter in urban sewage using excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis

Wastewater dissolved organic matter (DOM) from different processing stages of a sewage treatment plant in Xiamen was characterized using fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy. Parallel factor analysis modeling of excitation-emission matrix spectra revealed five fluorescent components occurring in sewage DOM: one protein-like (C1), three humic-like (C2, C4 and C5) and one xenobiotic-like (C3) components. During the aerated grit chamber and primary sedimentation tank stage, there was only a slight decrease in fluorescence intensity and the absorption coefficient at 350 nm (a350). During the second aeration stage, high concentration of protein-like and short-wavelength-excited humic-like components were significantly degraded accompanied by significant loss of DOC (80%) and a350 (30%), indicating that C1 and C2 were the dominant constituents of sewage DOM. As a result, long-wavelengthexcited C4 and C5 became the dominant humic-like components and the DOM molecular size inferred from the variation of spectral slope S (300–650 nm) and specific absorption (a280/DOC) increased. Combination use of Fmax of C1 and the ratio of C1/C5, or a350 may provide a quantitative indication for the relative amount of raw or treated sewage in aquatic environment.