农业废物处理与综合利用

X713.031 200501675 厌氧水解-SBR 工艺处理高浓度有机废水运行工序的优化/高锋(湖南大学环境科学与工程系)…//环境科学/中科院生态环境研究中心.-2004, 25(5).-84-88 环图X-5 将ASBR反应器和SBR反应器结合组成厌氧水解-SBR工艺用于养猪场废水的处理,ASBR反应器作为厌氧水解反应器,主要完成对有机物的水解,达到初步降解有机物的目的,在反应器每次进水量和排水量不大于其有效容积70%的前提下,研究了ASBR反应器厌氧搅拌段的时间对污水可生化性和对后续SBR脱氮处理效果的影响。结果表明,厌氧搅拌36h的污水既保持了较高的可生化性,出水BOD/COD保持在0.4左右,又能在后续SBR处理中取得较好的脱氮效果,经SBR 反应器处理后出水NH4+-N<10mg/L。通过实验分析进一步确定了好氧SBR反应器运行的最佳工序,厌氧水解-SBR运行工序优化后,BOD5的总去除率达到98%以上,NH4+-N去除率达到99%以上,但出水CODCr达不到排放标准,经混凝沉淀处理后方能达标排放。图3表5参12     

城市生活垃圾渗滤液的ASBR-SBR生物脱氮研究

将ASBR和SBR反应器组合起来,形成一种序批式操作的垃圾渗滤液处理工艺,两反应器的运行周期均为12h。将原水加入ASBR中进行厌氧消化,研究了废水在28.8h～72h四种不同水力停留时间(HRT)下的处理效果,结果表明,将ASBR的HRT控制在36h,在保持41.2%COD去除率的同时,出水BOD5/COD及BOD5/NH4+-N分别为0.41和4.6,对有机物和氮的后续好氧生物去除较为有利。以HRT为36h方式运行的ASBR出水为进水,研究了每周期进水量占反应器混合液比例R分别为0.67、0.50、0.33和0.17情况下,SBR去除有机物及脱氮的效果,结果表明,对于pH较低的垃圾渗滤液,R≤0.5时,反应器内反硝化反应产生的碱度和硝化反应消耗的碱度较为平衡,pH稳定在脱氮微生物适宜的范围内,脱氮及去除有机物的效果较好,对COD去除率在88%～90%,NH4+-N去除率在96%～98%,TN去除率在55%～84%,其中TN去除率与R存在较好的线性相关性,TN去除率随着R的减小而逐步提高.     

厌氧水解-SBR工艺处理高浓度有机废水运行工序的优化

将ASBR反应器和SBR反应器结合组成厌氧水解-SBR工艺用于养猪场废水的处理,ASBR反应器作为厌氧水解反应器,主要完成对有机物的水解,达到初步降解有机物的目的,在反应器每次进水量和排水量不大于其有效容积70%的前提下,研究了ASBR反应器厌氧搅拌段的时间对污水可生化性和对后续SBR脱氮处理效果的影响.结果表明,厌氧搅拌36h的污水既保持了较高的可生化性,出水BOD/COD保持在0.4左右,又能在后续SBR处理中取得较好的脱氮效果,经SBR反应器处理后出水NH₄⁺-N<10mg/L.通过实验分析进一步确定了好氧SBR反应器运行的最佳工序,厌氧水解-SBR运行工序优化后,BOD5的总去除率达到98%以上,NH₄⁺-N去除率达到99%以上,但出水COD_Cr达不到排放标准,经混凝沉淀处理后方能达标排放.     

水解酸化+两级SBR工艺处理天然气净化废水与回用

天然气净化废水水质水量波动大,且含有大量难降解物质,一直难以稳定达标。本工程采用水解酸化+两级SBR法工艺处理天然气净化废水,在进水均值ρ(COD)=943 mg/L、(ρBOD)=268 mg/L、ρ(NH3-N)=30.5 mg/L时,出水均值ρ(COD)=37.4 mg/L、ρ(BOD)=4.7 mg/L、ρ(NH3-N)=1.9 mg/L,完全达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准,工程运行稳定。出水回用于循环冷却、绿化、冲厕、道路冲洗等,回用率达到100%,实现了废水零排放。     

煤矿生活污水同步硝化反硝化试验研究

为提高煤矿生活污水脱氮效果并优化反应方式,采用限氧曝气生物膜反应器进行试验研究,分析了污染物去除效果和主要影响因素。结果表明:在第一反应室DO为1.5～2 mg/L、第二反应室DO为1～1.5 mg/L、HRT为3.13 h、ρ(COD)=69.8～85.2 mg/L、ρ(NH4+-N)=14. 6～17.9 mg/L、ρ(TN)=17.3～21.2 mg/L的进水条件下,反应器出水COD、NH4+-N、TN最大质量浓度分别为18.3 mg/L、0.23 mg/L和8.92 mg/L,平均去除率分别为80.8%、99.3%和59.3%,同步硝化反硝化效率(SND率)为45.4%～56.5%;在2.78 h≤HRT≤4.17 h范围内,反应器出水COD和NH4+-N浓度达到GB 3838—2002Ⅲ类标准要求,出水ρ(TN)10 mg/L且SND率达到52%。     

短程硝化反硝化去除高氨氮猪场废水中的氮

对比分析了运用缺氧/好氧SBR工艺处理2种COD/N不同的废水的脱氮效果,结果表明,2种废水的脱氮主要是通过短程硝化反硝化实现的,反应器中的NH4+-N浓度和pH值是控制亚硝酸型硝化的重要因素,经过部分厌氧消化的废水由于保持了较高的COD/N,脱氮效果明显好于完全厌氧消化废水,NH4+-N去除率达到98%以上,但出水反硝化不完全,投加乙酸钠后出水NOx--N由100～120mg/L减少到10～20mg/L,乙酸钠投加量以275mg/L为宜.     

ASBR-SBR工艺处理丙烯酸吸水树脂生产废水的研究

将ASBR-SBR工艺用于丙烯酸吸水树脂生产废水的处理.研究了ASBR反应器厌氧消化时间对废水CODcr去除性能和对后续SBR处理效果的影响.结果表明,厌氧消化24h,既可去除大部分有机物,又可保持出水较好的可生化性,为后续SBR工艺运行提供了良好的进水条件.通过实验确定了SBR反应器的最佳运行工艺,进水搅拌3h、曝气8h、沉淀1h、出水2h、闲置1h,CODcr总去除率为96.56％,出水CODcr＜500 mg/L,满足当地接管标准.     

厌氧氨氧化工艺的启动及有机物浓度对其影响研究

鉴于反硝化菌与厌氧氨氧化菌具有相似的生理特性,采用CSTR反应器研究了以异养反硝化污泥启动厌氧氨氧化系统的可行性,并考察了其对高氨氮废水的处理潜能。反应器运行170 d后,试验结果表明,此方法可快速培育出具有厌氧氨氧化活性的污泥,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率分别可达99.20%和99.69%。在此基础上考察了有机物浓度对厌氧氨氧化性能的影响,结果表明:低浓度(ρ(COD)≤150 mg/L)有机物可促进厌氧氨氧化活性,而高浓度(ρ(COD)≥200 mg/L)有机物抑制厌氧氨氧化进程,该系统最适ρ(COD)/ρ(NH_4~+-N)为2.14,此时NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率分别为99.41%和99.65%。     

规模化猪场粪污处理及资源化利用工程应用

针对规模化猪场粪污特点,以实际工程为例,介绍了"干湿分离,生物制肥,厌氧+A2/O+UF+光催化组合工艺处理废水"的设计及其运行情况。结果表明:该工艺对废水中COD、BOD5、TP和NH3-N去除率分别达98.75%、98.34%、96.67%和95.21%,出水水质能够稳定在ρ(COD)为63.2⁸2.32 mg/L、ρ(BOD5)为31.282.32 mg/L、ρ(BOD5)为31.2⁴3.2 mg/L、ρ(TP)为1.543.2 mg/L、ρ(TP)为1.5².5 mg/L、ρ(NH3-N)为11.22.5 mg/L、ρ(NH3-N)为11.2¹8.4 mg/L。出水水质满足GB 5084—2005《农田灌溉水质标准》,处理后的水可全部用于厂区农业灌溉;生物制肥工艺运行稳定,年产有机肥2600 t,利润50余万元。粪污治理工程综合效益好,可供同类工程参考。     

多级A/OVTBR组合工艺处理焦化废水

采用水解酸化、多级A/O垂直折流生物膜反应器(vertical tubulant biological reactor,VTBR)、混凝和Fenton氧化组合技术对实际焦化废水进行处理。其中水解酸化预处理阶段提高了废水可生化性,混凝降低了生化处理的有机负荷,一级A/O VTBR以脱碳为主,二级A/O VTBR主要脱碳和脱氮,三级好氧VTBR强化对氨氮的去除,Fenton氧化则对生化出水进行深度处理。试验结果表明:在进水ρ(COD)为3 000～3 500 mg/L,ρ(BOD5)为1 212 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为109 mg/L条件下,保持好氧段ρ(DO)为3～7 mg/L,缺氧段ρ(DO)<1 mg/L,总停留时间HRT 56 h,该工艺对COD、BOD5、NH3-N的去除率分别为98%、99%、95%,出水达GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级排放标准。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...