铅锌矿业废弃地草本植物重金属耐性研究

本文调查了四川甘洛铅锌矿废弃矿区和尾矿库区自然生长的15种草本植物，分析了其体内重金属（Pb、Zn、Cd）的含量，并对植物的重金属耐受性作了初步探讨。研究表明，在所采集的15种草本植物中，地上部分以小飞蓬对Pb、Zn、Cd的富集量最高；地下部分富集量则表现出较大的种间差异性，野烟对Pb的积累量最高，假酸浆对Zn的积累量最高，水蓼对Cd的积累量最高，但均未达到“超积累植物”的标准。     

铜矿区几种菊科植物的重金属含量测定

对生长在铜陵铜官山矿区的5种菊科植物,小飞蓬、艾蒿、野艾蒿、苍耳、山苦荬进行了重金属含量测定,并测定了其根部土壤中的重金属含量.结果表明,苍耳的地下部分含铜量最大,为51.28-95.35 mg/kg;山苦荬的地下部分含铜量最小,为15.44-16.60 mg/kg;苍耳体内这4种重金属的含量均较高,具有较强的吸收和富集能力.小飞蓬、艾蒿和野艾蒿样品中的重金属含量没有苍耳高,但由于这几种植物对铜有较强的转运能力,且在矿区恶劣的自然条件下仍能大量生长,所以也可作为矿区生态修复的选择物种.     

攀枝花钒钛矿区土壤重金属健康风险研究

调查了攀枝花市某钒钛矿区土壤中五种重金属(Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd)的污染特征,进而采用美国环保局推荐使用的健康风险评价模型进行暴露风险评估,及致癌和非致癌健康风险评价.结果表明,该地区土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd的含量与农用地土壤污染筛选值相比,Pb污染最为严重,含量超出筛选值70～155倍,Cd污染次之,...     

土壤镉处理对棉花镉吸收及分布规律的影响

用CdCl2将盆栽土壤Cd浓度处理为1mg／kg、5mg／kg、10mg／kg、20mg,／kg、30mg／kg种植棉花，研究棉花对镉的吸收及镉在棉花体内的分布规律。结果表明，当土壤镉浓度小于30mg／kg时，镉在棉花体内的分布呈现不同的规律。当土壤镉浓度小于5mg／kg时，镉主要分布在棉花的地上部；当土壤镉浓度大于20mg／kg时，镉主要分布在棉花的叶片、根、茎中，其中叶片的镉含量最高，棉絮镉含量最低。不同镉污染水平下，棉花的镉富集系数均小于1。当土壤镉污染浓度为5mg／kg时，棉花叶片的镉富集系数为0．76。在同一镉污染水平下，棉花叶片的镉转运系数最高。当土壤镉含量小于20mg／kg时，棉花茎、叶、棉絮的转运系数平均为4．63。     

新疆准东煤矿开采区域植物对重金属元素富集能力的探讨

本文以新疆准东露天煤矿为例,对区域土壤及植物中As、Pb、Cr、Cd含量进行测定,采用内罗梅综合指数法和富集系数法研究植物对重金属元素富集能力、积累与分布特点。研究结果表明:研究区域内8个土壤样品的综合污染指数在0.65~1.08之间,其中,6号点位P综在1.0~2.0之间,所在的区域土壤中重金属的污染等级为轻度污染,从健康角度来讲,需引起人们的重视;该地区所采同种植物对重金属的富集能力与距煤矿开采的距离存在一定的正相关关系。     

四川省富邦钒钛制动鼓有限公司

<正>四川省富邦钒钛制动鼓有限公司是一家大型民营企业,主要生产销售钒钛載重汽车制动鼓系列产品,公司注册资本43000万元,在位于攀枝花市仁和区迤资工业园区內兴建1000万件/年載重汽车钒钛制动鼓铸造项目,该项目已纳入四川省十二五规划重点项目。公司根据我省、市对钒钛高端制造实现产业化、规模化的推进目标,切实推动西部经济发展建设,全面实施国家《攀西战略资源创新开发试验区建设规划》。使     

秦皇岛市4种常见绿化植物滞尘效应研究

通过对秦皇岛市4种常见绿化植物的叶片滞尘量、单株滞尘能力及相关因素的研究,发现绿化植物单位叶面积的滞尘量最大可以相差2.5倍左右,树种叶片滞尘能力的大小排序为：国槐＞悬铃木＞金银木＞连翘,单株滞尘能力的大小排序为：悬铃木＞国槐＞金银木＞连翘;绿化植物的滞尘量与环境中粉尘含量成正比,树木滞尘能力还与叶片表面性状、叶面积指数及植物所处环境等因素有关。     

三种菊科草本植物对重金属Cd污染土壤的修复效应实验研究

采用对照试验方法以百日草(Zinniaelegans)、万寿菊(Tagetes erecta)、矢车菊(Centaurea cyanus)3种菊科草本景观植物为试材,探究菊科草本植物对不同镉污染土壤水平(0、5、10、20、40、80 mg/kg)的响应与修复效应。试验结果表明:低浓度镉污染水平有利于植物生长;3种植物对土壤镉的修复量与镉污染水平呈正相关,总体表现为:百日草万寿菊矢车菊;因此百日草、万寿菊对镉污染具有较强的耐性、抗性、转移和富集能力,是一种抗Cd污染较好的菊科草本景观植物。     

波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定成都市春季大气PM10中的无机元素

采用波长色散X射线荧光光谱法对成都市春季大气PM中的25种无机元素进行测定,对其富集因子及来源进行了讨论,结果表明:成都市春季大气颗粒物中Si的浓度最高为13.22,其次是Ca浓度为11.93。从富集因子值得出Ca明显富集,人为污染较显著,Br、Se、As、Fe、Ti、K、Mg、Na这八种元素部分富集,主要来源为燃煤和汽车尾气等人为源。     

混种黑麦草和三叶草对假繁缕镉积累的影响

为研究镉污染条件下混种对假繁缕植物修复效率的影响,采用盆栽的方式,将黑麦草、三叶草分别与假繁缕混种,研究不同混种组合对假繁缕生长及镉积累的影响。结果表明:混种对不同植物的生长和镉积累表现出了促进和抑制两种结果,如假繁缕混种三叶草混种使假繁缕的地上部分生物量较其单种提高了20.39%(P0.05),却使三叶草较其单种降低了13.85%(P0.05);两种植物地上部分镉含量则均有所提高,较各自单种分别提高了10.70%(P0.05)和17.32%(P0.05)。与假繁缕单种相比,混种黑麦草、三种植物混种均显著降低了假繁缕地上部分生物量、镉含量和镉积累量,分别降低了46.79%、22.00%、58.55%和21.55%、24.14%、40.47%;混种对另外两种植物表现也有促进和抑制的效果。就单盆中所有植物的镉积累量而言,三种植物混种的单株地上部分镉积累量最高,达到了492.39μg/盆。因此,假繁缕混种三叶草能提高假繁缕地上部生物量、镉含量和镉积累量,而三种植物混种的处理的镉提取效果表现最好,利于生产应用。     

Monitoring of Gin Drinkers' Bay landfill,Hong Kong: II. Gas contents,soil properties,and vegetation performance on the side slope

This second part of the study concerned the plant cover, gas contents, and soil properties of the side slope area of the landfill, which is not protected against gas infiltration. Five different sites on the slope and a control site outside the landfill were chosen, and pipes were installed in the region. Gas contents were tested, and plant cover recorded by quadrat analysis Over 20 species of grasses, herbs, and vines were present on the slope The relative adaptabilities of the species were ranked according to the abundance of the plants Plant cover was found to be negatively correlated with landfill gas contents. The landfill soil had elevated contents of nitrogen, organic carbon, and extractable metals Total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, and extractable lead were further identified to be negatively correlated while available phosphate was positively correlated with plant cover     

Responses of Two Invasive Plants Under Various Microclimate Conditions in the Seoul Metropolitan Region

The possible consequences of global warming on plant communities and ecosystems have wide-ranging ramifications. We examined how environmental change affects plant growth as a function of the variations in the microclimate along an urban-suburban climate gradient for two allergy-inducing, invasive plants, Humulus japonicus and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior. The environmental factors and plant growth responses were measured at two urban sites (Gangbuk and Seongbuk) and two suburban sites (Goyang and Incheon) around Seoul, South Korea. The mean temperatures and CO(2) concentrations differed significantly between the urban (14.8 °C and 439 ppm CO(2)) and suburban (13.0 °C and 427 ppm CO(2)) sites. The soil moisture and nitrogen contents of the suburban sites were higher than those at the urban sites, especially for the Goyang site. The two invasive plants showed significantly higher biomasses and nitrogen contents at the two urban sites. We conducted experiments in a greenhouse to confirm the responses of the plants to increased temperatures, and we found consistently higher growth rates under conditions of higher temperatures. Because we controlled the other factors, the better performance of the two invasive plants appears to be primarily attributable to their responses to temperature. Our study demonstrates that even small temperature changes in the environment can confer significant competitive advantages to invasive species. As habitats become urbanized and warmer, these invasive plants should be able to displace native species, which will adversely affect people living in these areas.     

Biodiversity and present status of freshwater fishes in Lohit river basin of India

Lohit is a major tributary of the river Brahmaputra in India and is famous for its rich and diverse fish fauna. The river has a difficult terrain, but has high hydropower potential. A large number of storage-based hydropower plants are envisaged on this river in the near-future. This study aims at presenting the existing diverse fish fauna in Lohit river basin. A total of 74 fish species are identified in this river basin and can be classified into seven orders, 20 families, and 52 genera. Further, it has been highlighted that there are seven species which have been categorized as endangered, 12 species are categorized to be vulnerable, three species have been categorized as data-deficient, and the remaining species are in the least concern category. It is expected that the construction of proposed storage-based power plants in this basin will affect the flow and storage characteristics, as well as the temperature of the water, which, in turn, will affect the rich fish fauna. This study emphasizes the need for preparing a comprehensive plan for the adoption of appropriate in situ conservation measures, as well as an awareness program, so as to save the rich and diverse fish fauna of Lohit river basin.     

Uptake and distribution of iodine in rice plants

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants were cultivated in an experimental field and separated at harvest into different components, including polished rice, rice bran, hull, straw, and root. The contents of iodine in these components and the soil were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and radiochemical neutron activation analysis, respectively. Iodine content varied by more than three orders of magnitude among the plant components. Mean concentration of iodine in the entire plants was 20 mg kg(-1) dry weight, and the concentration of iodine in the surface soil (0-20 cm depth) was 48 mg kg(-1). The highest concentration of iodine (53 mg kg(-1) dry weight) was measured in root and the lowest concentration (0.034 mg kg(-1) dry weight) in polished rice. While the edible component (polished rice) accounted for 32% of the total dry weight, it contained only 0.055% of iodine found in the entire rice plants. Atmospheric gaseous iodine (5.9 ng m(-3)) was estimated to contribute <0.2% of the total iodine content in the biomass of rice plants; therefore nearly all of the iodine in the rice plants was a result of the uptake of iodine from the soil. The content of iodine in the aboveground part of rice plants was 16 mg kg(-1) dry weight and the percentage of iodine transferred per cropping from the soil into the aboveground biomass corresponded to 0.27% (20 mg m(-2)) of the upper soil layer content.     

Stimulated rhizodegradation of atrazine by selected plant species

The efficacy of vegetative buffer strips (VBS) in removing herbicides deposited from surface runoff is related to the ability of plant species to promote rapid herbicide degradation. A growth chamber study was conducted to compare C-atrazine (ATR) degradation profiles in soil rhizospheres from different forage grasses and correlate ATR degradation rates and profiles with microbial activity using three soil enzymes. The plant treatments included: (i) orchardgrass ( L.), (ii) smooth bromegrass ( Leyss.), (iii) tall fescue ( Schreb.), (iv) Illinois bundle flower (), (v) perennial ryegrass ( L.), (vi) switchgrass ( L.), and (vii) eastern gamagrass (). Soil without plants was used as the control. The results suggested that all plant species significantly enhanced ATR degradation by 84 to 260% compared with the control, but eastern gamagrass showed the highest capability for promoting biodegradation of ATR in the rhizosphere. More than 90% of ATR was degraded in the eastern gamagrass rhizosphere compared with 24% in the control. Dealkylation of atrazine strongly correlated with increased enzymatic activities of β-glucosidase (GLU) ( = 0.96), dehydrogenase (DHG) ( = 0.842), and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis ( = 0.702). The incorporation of forage species, particularly eastern gamagrass, into VBS designs will significantly promote the degradation of ATR transported into the VBS by surface runoff. Microbial parameters widely used for assessment of soil quality, e.g., DHG and GLU activities, are promising tools for evaluating the overall degradation potential of various vegetative buffer designs for ATR remediation.     

Temperature and wetland plant species effects on wastewater treatment and root zone oxidation

Constructed wetlands are widely used for wastewater treatment, but there is little information on processes affecting their performance in cold climates, effects of plants on seasonal performance, or plant selection for cold regions. We evaluated the effects of three plant species on seasonal removal of dissolved organic matter (OM) (measured by chemical oxygen demand and dissolved organic carbon) and root zone oxidation status (measured by redox potential [Eh] and sulfate [SO4(2-)]) in subsurface-flow wetland (SSW) microcosms. A series of 20-d incubations of simulated wastewater was conducted during a 28-mo greenhouse study at temperatures from 4 to 24 degrees C. Presence and species of plants strongly affected seasonal differences in OM removal and root zone oxidation. All plants enhanced OM removal compared with unplanted controls, but plant effects and differences among species were much greater at 4 degrees C, during dormancy, than at 24 degrees C, during the growing season. Low temperatures were associated with decreased OM removal in unplanted controls and broadleaf cattail (Typha latifolia L.) microcosms and with increased removal in beaked sedge (Carex rostrata Stokes) and hardstem bulrush [Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhl. ex Bigelow) A. & D. L?ve var. acutus] microcosms. Differences in OM removal corresponded to species' apparent abilities to increase root zone oxygen supply. Sedge and bulrush significantly raised Eh values and SO4(2-) concentrations, particularly at 4 degrees C. These results add to evidence that SSWs can be effective in cold climates and suggest that plant species selection may be especially important to optimizing SSW performance in cold climates.     

USE OF WATER FROM THE ANCIENT MAKKAH GALLERIES FOR IRRIGATION1

ABSTRACT: Due to the spread of Islam in the seventh century the number of pilgrims to the City of Makkah increased sharply, resulting in an acute water shortage. To solve this problem, galleries were built to collect water from the upstream of Wadi Naaman and transfer it to Makkah. Expansion of Makkah and the absence of any mapping of the galleries have resulted in the destruction of a part of the galleries. This caused a discontinuity of flow in the galleries and, consequently, the ground water table is rising at a rate of 0.48 m/yr, causing environmental problems. Research was conducted to rehabilitate the destructed part of the galleries, and to find an appropriate use for the ground water. The study found that the quality of the ground water is suitable for landscaping purposes, that is, for the irrigation of trees and ornamental plants.     

人工湿地植物处理污水的试验研究

为了选择适合在中国四川地区生长的湿地植物，作者在四川省成都市１９９３年１０月２日－１１月１９日的深秋季节进行了湿地系统处理模拟污水的盆栽静态试验，以研究多种湿地植物在自然环境条件下对污染物的去除情况。试验发现，灯蕊草，芦苇，菖蒲这三种植物在１４天内均能去除模拟水样中的ＣＯＤｃｒ，其中，芦苇的去除率为３８％，菖蒲的去除率为４１％，灯蕊草的去除率为４２～４６％。这三种植物同时也能污水的ｐＨ从３．５调节     

Influence of plant age and size on simazine toxicity and uptake

Improper pesticide management can lead to environmental problems such as water quality degradation and ecological stress. Recent research in our laboratory has focused on development of constructed wetlands to assimilate pesticide-contaminated water. For improved aesthetics, these wetlands have been established with ornamental plant species. The effectiveness of a plant species for phytoremediation depends in part on its tolerance for the contaminant. Plant tolerance for pesticides may vary depending on plant age and size. This study examined the influence of plant age and size on the uptake, distribution, and toxicity of the herbicide simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazine] in two ornamental wetland plants: parrot feather [Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc.] and canna (Canna x hybrida L. 'Yellow King Humbert'). Plants of different ages and sizes were exposed to simazine in 10% Hoagland's nutrient solution. Toxicity was characterized using plant growth, water uptake, and photosynthetic yield during exposure and postexposure periods. In addition, other plants were exposed to [14C] simazine in nutrient medium to characterize pesticide uptake and translocation. Four-week-old parrot feather and canna were more tolerant of simazine than two-week-old plants. The two-week-old plant tissues of both species had higher tissue burdens of simazine than four-week-old plants. Simazine was primarily accumulated in the leaves of both parrot feather and canna. These results suggest that plants in a constructed wetland designed for simazine assimilation would be more vulnerable to simazine toxicity shortly after emergence.