中国页岩气开发过程环境管理现状与对策分析研究

中国页岩气资源储量丰富,随着页岩气商业勘探开发的不断推进,引发的生态环境问题日益突出.从页岩气开采工艺来看,开发对水、大气、土壤及生态地质环境等都有一定的影响.此外,中国页岩气开发过程中还存在法规标准体系不健全、监管机制缺乏、环境准入机制不明等问题.因此,针对页岩气开发所带来的环境风险,亟需完善法律法规与标准体系、严格监督管理、制定开发环境规划.同时,建设环保示范工程,加大环保科研投入,降低页岩气开发的环境影响,实现页岩气开发的绿色可持续发展.     

基于云模型的页岩气开发环境影响评价

从大气环境、噪声与土壤环境、水环境和生态、安全与可持续4个方面构建页岩气开发环境影响指标体系,并建立基于熵权法和云模型评价法的页岩气环境影响评价模型。针对四川省某国家级页岩气示范区进行实证分析,结果表明:该地区页岩气开发环境影响处于中等程度。页岩气开发对水环境影响最大,其次是对大气环境的影响,再次是对噪声与土壤环境,对生态、安全与可持续方面影响相对最小。该模型的评价结果与页岩气开发环境影响现状相符,最后根据评价结果提出相关政策建议。     

中国页岩气开发环境成本计量研究及政策建议

页岩气的开发过程中会产生潜在的环境污染问题且随着页岩气开发进程的推进,环境问题会逐渐凸显,因此对页岩气开发产生的环境问题进行量化描述显得尤为重要。针对页岩气开发带来的负面和正面环境影响,如水资源耗费、地下水污染、大气污染、生态环境破坏、地质灾害和替代煤炭节约的环境效益等,结合环境成本理论分别给出各方面环境成本的量化模型;综合各项环境成本因素,建立了页岩气开发环境成本量化模型,综合分析页岩气开发对环境的影响程度;建议完善页岩气企业环境成本信息披露体系,以环境报告书方式披露环境成本信息,增加透明度以消除公众疑虑,同时建立环境污染补偿机制,最大限度减少页岩气开发带来的环境成本。     

贵州寒武系牛蹄塘组页岩气开采过程环境影响浅析

贵州省寒武系牛蹄塘组特有的黑色页岩,具有高有机碳、高成熟度、高脆性矿物含量、微孔隙较为发育等特点,是贵州页岩气勘探开发的主要层位。牛蹄塘组页岩沉积环境有利,沉积厚度大,有望获得较好的含气量,为贵州开采页岩气提供了有利条件。然而页岩气开采过程中水力压裂法的应用导致的泄漏、压裂液回流污染、集输管道破裂或腐蚀等,会导致地下水储层破坏及地下水重金属污染等环境问题。着重阐述页岩气勘探开发中水力压裂法可能产生的相关环境影响问题并开展预期研究,为贵州页岩气勘探和开发提出考虑环境破坏的可能,提出防治措施。     

页岩气勘探开发环境风险探究

非常规天然气的研究及开发利用是能源界的一大热点,随着技术的推动和相关政策的鼓励,页岩气作为能源新宠迅速发展起来。美国是页岩气开采利用最成功的国家,页岩气甚至给美国带来了一场新的能源革命,同样伴生出很多环境问题。页岩气的开发在我国处于起步阶段,而伴随其在中国的持续发展,必然也会带来一系列的环境问题。介绍了页岩气开发可能对环境造成的影响,并对比了我国和美国在发展页岩气监管方面不同,希望能为我国页岩气开采健康快速的发展提供一些思路。     

我国页岩气开发法律规制的现状及其完善

页岩气是一种新型的清洁能源,其开发和利用具有重大意义。我国页岩气的开发相对较晚,在页岩气开发和利用的过程中除了面临技术上的困难之外,还面临着法律规制方面保障不完善的难题。目前我国页岩气开发法律规制主要集中在矿产资源、水资源保护、环境影响评价以及财税政策等方面,通过对我国页岩气开发中相关法律规制现状的分析,总结了现存法律规制存在的问题,并提出了完善我国页岩气法律规制的措施与建议,以促进我国页岩气产业的健康发展和国家页岩气产业政策的有效实施。     

我国页岩气开发环境问题及对策

天然气产业发展"十二五"规划提出加快页岩气产业发展,提高天然气在一次能源消费中的比重。我国页岩气的勘探开发还处在起步阶段,部分关键技术有待突破,资源管理机制有待完善,对页岩气开发环境问题的识别与解决与世界先进水平相比还存在很大差距。介绍了我国页岩气的资源状况,对比分析了中、美的页岩气成藏特性,总结了页岩气开发各环节可能存在的水资源浪费与污染、温室气体超量散逸等环境问题,进而从政府、地方、企业3个层面提出对策与建议,为我国页岩气安全开发提供借鉴。     

我国页岩气开发利用的环境政策分析

我国页岩气开发目前按照常规油气资源来进行环境监管,但与常规油气资源相比,页岩气开发在压裂液、返排液处理等方面具有特殊性,现有法律法规难以完全规制页岩气开发造成的环境问题,建议尽快出台针对页岩气开发利用的专项环境法规、标准和政策,充分考虑水资源和环境承载力,合理布局页岩气产业,积极鼓励支持页岩气绿色开发,并建立对开发区域周边居民的补偿机制,促进我国页岩气产业绿色发展。     

我国页岩气开发中环境保护法律制度研究——以美国经验为借鉴

能源对于一国的战略意义不言而喻,合理开发利用页岩气成为我国能源发展的新方向,对于满足我国能源消费需求、实现能源可持续发展具有重要意义。但是,页岩气开发中还需要考虑到对生态环境造成的不良影响,而我国现有的环境保护法律法规和制度并不能完全解决开发页岩气可能带来的特殊环境问题。美国是世界上最早开发利用页岩气的国家,其页岩气开发中的环境保护制度较为完善,因此有必要借鉴美国的先进经验并建立符合我国国情的页岩气开发环境保护法律制度。首先从可持续发展的角度,阐述了开发页岩气有利于保障国家能源安全、满足能源消费需求和促进节能减排的重要意义;然后分析了我国页岩气开发中的环保立法现状及其不足;随后总结了美国页岩气开发中环境保护相关的制度体系和监管机制,如美国出台了系列环保法律,制定了环境影响评价制度、排污许可制度和信息公开制度等管理政策,并形成了"以州为主,联邦调控""政监分离"等独具特色的环境保护监管机制,这些先进经验均值得我国借鉴;最后,在此基础上,提出了完善我国页岩气开发中相关的环境保护法律法规和标准规范、建立页岩气开发中环境保护制度的框架、加强对页岩气开发中环境保护监督三方面的建议,以促进我国页岩气开发的可持续发展。     

页岩气开发地下水污染风险评价指标体系构建

为分析页岩气开发对地下水环境风险的影响,采用文献计量学和频数统计法,进行页岩气开发地下水污染风险共性指标筛选,并通过分析页岩气开采环境的特征,进行页岩气开发地下水污染风险个性指标识别,构建了页岩气开发地下水污染风险评价指标体系.结果表明,页岩气开发的钻井、水力压裂和压裂返排以及返排后处理等阶段为发生污染地下水风险的主要环节,其中钻井阶段钻井液、水力压裂阶段压裂液、压裂返排阶段返排液和甲烷气体的泄漏是影响地下水环境的重要污染源;筛选出页岩气开发地下水污染风险共性指标14个,其中地下水埋深、含水层岩性、溶解性总固体和氨氮涉及行业项目多且频数占比较高,为核心评价指标;识别出页岩气开发地下水污染风险个性指标12个,分别为地质状况指标（断裂性质、褶皱发育状况）、开采过程污染物指标（返排液返排率、返排液回用率、钻井废水产生量、压裂废水产生量、钻井泥浆循环率、设备泄漏概率和废弃井分布）,以及地下水特征污染物（苯系物、放射性物质和甲烷含量及其碳同位素形态等）.研究显示,通过频数统计和理论分析识别页岩气开发地下水污染源,可以快速有效地确定页岩气开发对地下水环境影响因素,并构建地下水污染风险评价指标体系,对页岩气开发地下水环境管理具有重要参考价值.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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