Water and matter dynamic balance in the rite field and its overflow estimate model

The rice field is the main Iand use type in the watershed of Chaohu Lake．Because of the water dryness alternative farming applied there，the paddy soil has a unique quality regarding soil profile as well as special water and nutrient dynamms．Through the analysis of water and matter dynamics in rice fields．the field water level(H)and the concentrations of total nitrogen(TN)and total phosphorus(TP)in flood water layers of the fields were chosen to estimate the nonpoint pollution from rice fields．A simple model was built and used to calculate the quantRy of N and P pollutants from rice field overflow．it shows the po．tential effects of rice fields on Chaohu Lake eutrophication．     

Assessment on the pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus of Beijing surface water based on GIS system and multivariate statistical approaches

This paper presented the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in Beijing surface water during the survey. A significant difference was found out in concentration distribution of various parameters of nitrogen and phosphorus. Most water bodies in five water systems were polluted by total nitrogen with the content even up to 120 mg/L which was higher than exceeded the fifth class standard of national surface water quality standard GB3838-2002 except for several segments of Chaobaihe and Yongdinghe. Ammonia and phosphorus showed a similar tendency of distribution with higher content in Daqinghe, Beiyunhe and Jiyunhe water systems, but with relatively low concentrations in Chaobaihe and Yongdinghe water systems. Meanwhile, nitrate was found at comparatively low content (mostly less than 10 mg/L) and could fit for corresponding water quality requirements. Totally, the water quality of Daqinghe, Jiyunhe and Beiyunhe river systems as well as the lower reaches of Yongdinghe and Chaobaihe was contaminated seriously with high content of total nitrogen and phosphorus. Through multivariate statistical approaches, it can be concluded that total nitrogen, ammonia and total phosphorus was highly correlated to chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity,which explained the same pollution source from anthropogenic activities.     

Performance of a water hyacinth （Eichhornia crassipes） system in the treatment of wastewater from a duck farm and the effects of using water hyacinth as duck feed

Nowadays, intensive breeding of poultry and livestock of large scale has made the treatment of its waste and wastewater an urgent environmental issue, which motivated this study. A wetland of 688 m2 was constructed on an egg duck farm, and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was chosen as an aquatic plant for the wetland and used as food for duck production. The objectives of this study were to test the role of water hyacinth in purifying nutrient-rich wastewater and its effects on the ducks’ feed intake, egg laying performance and egg quality. This paper shows that the constructed wetland removed as much as 64.44% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 21.78% of total nitrogen (TN) and 23.02% of total phosphorus (TP). Both dissolved oxygen (DO) and the transparency of the wastewater were remarkably improved, with its transparency 2.5 times higher than that of the untreated wastewater. After the ducks were fed with water hyacinth, the average daily feed intake and the egg-laying ratio in the test group were 5.86% and 9.79% higher, respectively, than in the control group; the di erences were both significant at the 0.01 probability level. The egg weight in the test group was 2.36% higher than in the control group (P < 0.05), but the feed conversion ratios were almost the same. The eggshell thickness and strength were among the egg qualities significantly increased in ducks fed with water hyacinth.We concluded that a water hyacinth system was e ective for purifying wastewater from an intensive duck farm during the water hyacinth growing season, as harvested water hyacinth had an excellent performance as duck feed. We also discussed the limitations of the experiment.     

Irrigation system and land use effect on surface water quality in river, at lake Dianchi, Yunnan, China

The surface water samples were collected in river Dahe and its tributaries, which flow into severely eutrophic lake Dianchi, Yunnan Province, China, in order to elucidate factors controlling water quality fluctuations. The temporal and spatial distribution of water quality tendency was observed. The water quality of each river is dependent on the hydrology effect such water gate and circulating irrigation system. We must consider the hydrology effect to accurately understand water quality variations of river in this study field. In river without highly circulating irrigation system or water gate effect, the downstream nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) concentration increase occurred in area dominated by open field cultivation, whereas the NO₃-N concentration was constant or decreased in area dominated by greenhouse land use. This result suggests that greenhouse covers the soil from precipitation, and nitrate load of greenhouse could be less than that of open field cultivation while the rainfall event. In the upper reaches of river, where is dominated by open field cultivation, there were no sharp increase dissolved molybdate reactive phosphorus and total phosphorus concentration, but P load was accumulated in the lower reaches of river, whose predominant land use is greenhouse. Although the P sources is unclear in this study, greenhouse area may have potential of P loads due to its high P content in greenhouse soil. Considering hydrology effect is necessary to determine what the major factor is influencing the water quality variation, especially in area with highly complicated irrigation system in this studying site.     

Phosphorus release： A biogeochemical insight from a restored lakeside wetland in the Yangtze-Huaihe region, China

The heavy intensification of agriculture in East China since the 1980s caused the decrease of lake area and water storage capacity with impediment of regulation, lake eutrophication and frequent floods. Many restoration projects have been conducted. However, the knowledge of biogeochemical factors that drive nutrient cycles during the early stage of restoration is still limited. We studied the effect of the remediation of a patch of near-shore shallow wetland on the northern bank of Chaohu Lake in the Yangtze-Huaihe region, China, which was used as rice paddy for many years, on the behavior of phosphorus. Redox potential (ORP), temperature and dissolved oxygen were monitored in situ from May 2006 to November 2007. Samples of soil pore water were collected during this time for the determination of different forms of iron and phosphorus. ORP showed a clear transition of the wetland soil from an oxidized state in winter to a reduced state in summer. The decrease of ORP correlated with the release of large amounts of Fe and P. The maxima of total dissolved Fe and total dissolved P in the summer of the second year were (13.8 ± 6.8) mg/L and (0.88 ± 0.27) mg/L, respectively. It is worth noticing that P concentration far exceeded the critical value of lake eutrophication (0.02 mg/L). The pressure of P release to the adjacent lake during the first two years of wetland restoration from rice fields should be taken into account by environmental policy makers.     

Alleviating eutrophication by reducing the abundance of Cyanophyta due to dissolved inorganic carbon fertilization: Insights from Erhai Lake,China

The eutrophication of lakes is a global environmental problem. Regulating nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) on phytoplankton is considered to be the most important basis of lake eutrophication management. Therefore, the effects of dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) on phytoplankton and its role in mitigating lake eutrophication have often been overlooked. In this study, the relationships between phytoplankton and DIC concentrations, carbon isotopic composition, nutrients(N and P), and hydrochemistry in...     

Reducing nitrogen runoff from paddy fields with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under different fertilizer regimes

Nitrogen(N) runoff from paddy fields serves as one of the main sources of water pollution. Our aim was to reduce N runoff from paddy fields by fertilizer management and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF). In northeast China, Shuangcheng city in Heilongjiang province, a field experiment was conducted, using rice provided with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%,and 100% of the local norm of fertilization(including N, phosphorus and potassium), with or without inoculation with Glomus mosseae. The volume, concentrations of total N(TN),dissolved N(DN) and particulate N(PN) of runoff water were measured. We found that the local norm of fertilization led to 18.9 kg/ha of N runoff during rice growing season, with DN accounting for 60%–70%. We also found that reduction in fertilization by 20% cut down TN runoff by 8.2% while AMF inoculation decreased N runoff at each fertilizer level and this effect was inhibited by high fertilization. The combination of inoculation with AMF and 80% of the local norm of fertilization was observed to reduce N runoff by 27.2%. Conclusively, we suggested that the contribution of AMF inoculation combined with decreasing fertilization should get more attention to slow down water eutrophication by reducing N runoff from paddy fields.     

Controlling cyanobacterial blooms by managing nutrient ratio and limitation in a large hypereutrophic lake: Lake Taihu,China

Excessive nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) loading of aquatic ecosystems is a leading cause of eutrophication and harmful algal blooms worldwide, and reducing nutrient levels in water has been a primary management objective. To provide a rational protection strategy and predict future trends of eutrophication in eutrophic lakes, we need to understand the relationships between nutrient ratios and nutrient limitations. We conducted a set of outdoor bioassays at the shore of Lake Taihu. It showed that N only additions induced phytoplankton growth but adding only P did not. Combined N plus P additions promoted higher phytoplankton biomass than N only additions, which suggested that both N and P were deficient for maximum phytoplankton growth in this lake(TN:TP = 18.9). When nutrients are present at less than 7.75–13.95 mg/L TN and 0.41–0.74 mg/L TP, the deficiency of either N or P or both limits the growth of phytoplankton. N limitation then takes place when the TN:TP ratio is less than 21.5–24.7(TDN:TDP was 34.2–44.3), and P limitation occurs above this. Therefore, according to this ratio, controlling N when N limitation exists and controlling P when P deficiency is present will prevent algal blooms effectively in the short term. But for the long term, a persistent dual nutrient(N and P) management strategy is necessary.     

Controlling cyanobacterial blooms by managing nutrient ratio and limitation in a large hypereutrophic lake: Lake Taihu, China

Excessive nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loading of aquatic ecosystems is a leading cause of eutrophication and harmful algal blooms worldwide, and reducing nutrient levels in water has been a primary management objective. To provide a rational protection strategy and predict future trends of eutrophication in eutrophic lakes, we need to understand the relationships between nutrient ratios and nutrient limitations. We conducted a set of outdoor bioassays at the shore of Lake Taihu. It showed that N only additions induced phytoplankton growth but adding only P did not. Combined N plus P additions promoted higher phytoplankton biomass than N only additions, which suggested that both N and P were deficient for maximum phytoplankton growth in this lake (TN:TP = 18.9). When nutrients are present at less than 7.75-13.95 mg/L TN and 0.41-0.74 mg/L TP, the deficiency of either N or P or both limits the growth of phytoplankton. N limitation then takes place when the TN:TP ratio is less than 21.5-24.7 (TDN:TDP was 34.2-44.3), and P limitation occurs above this. Therefore, according to this ratio, controlling N when N limitation exists and controlling P when P deficiency is present will prevent algal blooms effectively in the short term. But for the long term, a persistent dual nutrient (N and P) management strategy is necessary.     

Assessing field vulnerability to phosphorus loss in Beijing agricultural area using Revised Field Phosphorus Ranking Scheme

Guanting Reservoir,one of the drinking water supply sources of Beijing,suffers from water eutrophication.It is mainly supplied by Guishui River.Thus,to investigate the reasons of phosphorus(P)loss and improve the P management strategies in Guishui River watershed are important for the safety of drinking water in this region.In this study,a Revised Field P Ranking Scheme(PRS)was developed to reflect the field vulnerability of P loss at the field scale based on the Field PRS.In this new scheme,six factors are included, and each one was assigned a relative weight and a determination method.The affecting factors were classified into transport factors and source factors,and,the standards of environmental quality on surface water and soil erosion classification and degradation of the China were used in this scheme.By the new scheme,thirty-four fields in the Guishui River were categorized as"low","medium"or"high"potential for P loss into the runoff.The results showed that the P loss risks of orchard and vegetable fields were higher than that of corn and soybean fields.The source factors were the main factors to affect P loss from the study area.In the study area,controlling P input and improving P usage efficiency are critical to decrease P loss.Based on the results,it was suggested that more attention should be paid on the fields of vegetable and orchard since they have extremely high usage rate of P and high soil test of E Compared with P surplus by field measurements,the Revised Field PRS was more suitable for reflecting the characteristics of fields,and had higher potential capacity to identify critical source areas of P loss than PRS.     

大连英那河水库氮磷营养盐分析及富营养化评价

根据英那河水库2013年全年水质监测数据,分析该水库中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及叶绿素(Chl-a)等水质指标的季节性变化规律,并进行富营养化评价。结果表明:英那河水库TN和TP年均浓度分别为2.44 mg/L和0.015 mg/L,其中TN浓度超出《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类标准,N/P值为110-602,水库为磷限制型水库;TN和Chl-a浓度随季节变化显著,TP浓度较小,无明显变化;富营养化评价表明,英那河水库为中营养,污染源主要为上游来水的氮源。     

重庆市主城区次级河流总氮总磷污染特征分析及富营养化评价

为掌握重庆市主城区次级河流水环境状况,于2013年4月~2014年3月,在重庆市主城区选取6条典型次级河流测定水体理化指标,开展水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)污染特征分析及富营养化评价.结果表明:16条河流TN、TP污染较为严重,不同季节TN、TP均超过国际认可的发生水体富营养化临界值;富营养状态指数评价结果表明,各季节所有河流都处于富营养化状态,富营养化程度排序为:盘溪河清水溪跳蹬河花溪河伏牛溪朝阳河.2各次级河流TN、TP季节变化情况较为显著,为春、冬季TN、TP质量浓度高,夏、秋季TN、TP质量浓度低;3河流在各季节TN、TP从上游向下游增加趋势比较明显,污染物沿河流不断聚集,污染物质量浓度递增率最大达到1.25 mg·(L·km)-1.因此,进一步深入研究城市次级河流污染特征对城市水体污染控制具有重要意义.     

鄱阳湖枯水期沉积物磷释放特征及对水位变化响应

通过研究鄱阳湖枯水期不同高程沉积物磷释放热力学和动力学特征,试图建立沉积物磷释放与水位间响应关系,进一步揭示由于江湖关系变化导致的水位下降对鄱阳湖沉积物磷释放风险影响.结果表明:(1)鄱阳湖沉积物高程越高,即出露时间越长,中部和"五河"尾闾区沉积物EC0、DTP、DOP和SRP最大释放量及初始释放速率(0~5 min释放速率)越大,而北部湖区因采砂活动等影响,变化不明显.(2)鄱阳湖水位的持续下降引起的沉积物出露时间延长和出露面积增加,导致全湖沉积物DTP、DOP和SRP最大释放量分别增加了91、81和34 t,虽然该增加量对全湖磷负荷贡献较小(占外源P输入负荷的4.1%、3.7%和1.5%),但"五河"尾闾区沉积物磷释放增加强度为全湖平均值的3倍,意味着随江湖关系的持续变化,来年丰水期鄱阳湖沉积物磷将会集中释放,尤其是"五河"尾闾区等重点敏感区域,其沉积物磷释放量的增加将进一步加大鄱阳湖局部湖区水质下降风险.     

秦淮河典型河段总氮总磷时空变异特征

2010年6月～2011年5月,对秦淮河典型河段水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的污染状况进行了周年定点观测,采用传统统计学方法初步探讨了秦淮河水体TN、TP污染状况及时空间变化特征.结果表明,秦淮河TN、TP污染严重,且具有很强的时空变异性.秦淮河传统农业区、集约农业区和城市区TN平均浓度分别为1.80、3.97、9.25 mg·L-1,TP平均浓度分别为0.03、0.11、0.50 mg·L-1,表明秦淮河TN、TP主要来源于城市区和集约农业区,而传统农业区对水体TN、TP贡献较小.秦淮河丰水期和枯水期TN平均浓度分别为1.89、4.58 mg·L-1,TP平均浓度分别为0.11、0.14 mg·L-1,表明秦淮河枯水期较丰水期污染严重.富营养化评价结果显示,秦淮河河段大都处于富营养化状态,应及时采取治理措施.     

大辽河感潮河段及近岸河口氮、磷的分布及潜在性富营养化

根据2013年8月和11月大辽河感潮河段及近岸河口区水质的实测数据,对水体中不同形态氮、磷含量的季节和空间分布特征进行了研究,并对水体潜在性富营养化程度进行了评价.结果表明,2013年丰水期和枯水期,从大辽河感潮河段至近岸河口区,硝酸盐是水体无机氮存在的主要形态,其约占总无机氮的55%;颗粒态磷(TPP-P)是水体磷营养盐的主要存在形式,其含量占水体磷营养盐的50%以上.空间上,从大辽河感潮河段至近岸河口区,水体的氮、磷形态的浓度表现为逐渐降低的趋势,相关性分析结果显示,水体大多数氮、磷形态与盐度呈显著的负相关关系,说明海水物理稀释相比其它环境因子对水体氮、磷形态空间分布起着主要作用;季节上,大辽河感潮河段及近岸河口区水体氮、磷含量表现为"枯水期丰水期",这主要与感潮河段季节性陆源输入情况不同有关.大辽河感潮河段及近岸河口区水体DIN-N浓度均大于0.30 mg·L~(-1),N/P大于60,均表现为磷限制潜在富营养化水平.     

非常规水源补给城市河流富营养化时空变化规律及风险研究

选择典型非常规水源补给城市河流(凉水河)为研究对象,阐述了凉水河典型河段水体中营养元素(氮、磷)的时空分布特征,并评价其富营养化状态.为期1年的监测结果表明:研究河段水体中TN、TP平均质量浓度分别为25.70 mg·L-1和1.78 mg·L-1,分别为地表水Ⅴ类标准的12.9倍和8.9倍.在时间尺度上,凉水河研究河段水体中TN、NH+4-N质量浓度冬季较高,夏季反而较低;水体中TP和SRP质量浓度全年基本一致.在空间尺度上,水体中TN和NH+4-N质量浓度变化趋势随土地利用类型变化趋于一致,均在城镇区域沿河流方向逐渐上升,至农村区域平缓波动;水体中TP和SRP质量浓度均沿河流方向呈逐渐上升趋势.通过计算对数型幂函数普适指数,发现凉水河研究河段无论是在时间尺度还是空间尺度均处于"极富"营养状态(EI=93.49),富营养化现象已十分严峻.     

荣成天鹅湖水体有机磷的生物有效性和时空分布

磷是滨海湿地生产力的关键限制因素之一,有机磷的矿化分解是湿地活性磷的重要补充途径。本文以滨海荣成天鹅湖湿地为研究对象,通过采集不同季节、不同点位的表层水样,利用酶水解技术研究了天鹅湖水体有机磷的生物有效性及其时空变化规律。研究表明:(1)天鹅湖已经出现轻度富营养化。有机磷是天鹅湖水体总磷(TP)重要组成部分,其中溶解态有机磷(DOP)的含量为0.039～0.123 mg/L,占水体TP的29%～74%,颗粒态有机磷(POP)的含量为0.011～0.073mg/L,占水体TP的11%～25%。(2)在有机磷中,24%～31%的DOP和41%～82%的POP是潜在的生物可利用磷。(3)天鹅湖DOP遵循春夏高而秋冬含量低的特点。有机磷空间分布非均一性,DOP主要分布在湖中区和入河口区。POP集中分布在北部入河口和湖心区及其北部沙滩区域。另外,通过相关性分析表明,有机磷与水环境因子关系密切,DOP和溶解态酶水解有机磷(DEHP)的含量可以指示水体富营养化程度。总之,水体有机磷循环供磷可能是造成水体富营养化的重要原因。因此,在富营养化的防治过程中应该采取有效措施防治有机磷的矿化。     

采煤塌陷水域氮、磷空间分布及营养状态评价研究

采煤塌陷水域是淮南矿区的一种特殊区域,为了分析采煤塌陷积水区域的氮磷空间分布特征及营养状态,选取潘一塌陷水域为研究对象,分析不同形态的氮、磷含量。结果表明,潘一塌陷水域总氮、氨氮、硝态氮的含量分别为1．38-8．22mg／L,0．44-1．16mg／L,0．21-1．23mg／L,呈现出泥河入口处氮的含量大,随着水流含量逐渐减小的趋势;总磷、可溶性总磷的含量分别为0．06-0．26mg／L,0．01-0．12mg／L,其空间分布和总氮的空间分布趋势一致。综合营养指数评价结果表明,潘一塌陷水域总体上处于轻度富营养化状态,水体中氮磷比（N：P）为21：1,塌陷水域中的总氮浓度超过总磷浓度7倍以上,说明潘一塌陷水域为磷营养限制性。     

丹江口水库典型入库支流氮磷动态特征研究

重污染的神定河(接收城市污染)、中污染的大柏河(接收城镇污染)以及轻污染的五龙池(接收轻微农业面源污染)是丹江口水库3条典型入库支流.在2010年4月～2011年4月对这3条入库支流及其河口水质监测的基础上,分析了水中氮、磷的动态变化特征,并利用综合营养状态指数法对其营养状态进行评价.结果表明,神定河的TN、TP全年浓度均值分别为11.63 mg.L-1、0.93 mg.L-1,与五龙池(TN为4.41 mg.L-1,TP为0.076 mg.L-1)相比分别超过3倍和12倍;大柏河的TN、TP全年浓度均值分别为4.79 mg.L-1、0.15 mg.L-1,略高于五龙池中TN、TP浓度均值.3条支流及其河口中营养盐的时间差异为TN浓度在丰水期低于枯水期,而多数支流中TP浓度在枯水期低于丰水期.神定河中NH4+-N占TN的质量分数高达69%,其它支流及河口中NH4+-N占TN的质量分数均低于20%.NO3--N浓度变化范围为1.3～2.7 mg.L-1,SRP占TP的质量分数为30%～45%.神定河及其河口氮、磷营养元素比例关系研究表明神定河总体处于氮限制状态,河口总体处于磷限制状态.综合营养状态指数评价显示3条典型污染入库支流及其河口都处于富营养化状态,轻污染的五龙池的入库河口(东库湾)处于轻度富营养化状态.