空中交通管制员的情境意识与航空安全

大部分空管不安全事件与空中交通管制员情境意识下降有关，研究管制员情境意识，预防管制员工作中情境意识下降对于预防空管不安全事件具有十分重要的意义。笔者讨论了空中交通管制员情境意识的意义、常见的管制员情境意识问题、管制员情境意识下降的原因以及提高和维持管制员情境意识的方法四个重要的管制员情境意识问题。笔者特别提出，采取积极的措施预防注意力分散、提高专业技术水平、主动管理工作负荷、管理班组资源是空中交通管制员在工作中获得和维持良好情境意识的途径。     

矿工情境意识驱动模型构建及实证研究

为了分析煤矿工人的情境意识要素间的因果关系结构,建立更具鲁棒性的情境意识驱动模型,提出了一种基于DEMATEL和ISM法耦合的矿工情境意识驱动模型构建方法。首先,在构建情境意识概念模型的基础上从组织、个人和环境3个维度辨识矿工情境意识驱动要素;然后,运用熵值法计算矿工情境意识驱动要素的权重,并借助DEMATEL和ISM方法确定情境意识驱动要素间的因果作用关系,进而构建矿工情境意识驱动模型。结果表明,班组安全氛围是矿工情境意识的根本影响因素;生理心理状况、工作记忆、作业能力和作业经验是直接影响因素;组织制度、人岗匹配性、物理生产环境、培训组织、作业规程和作业负荷设计是间接影响因素。     

矿工情境意识多层递阶驱动模型构建

为了分析煤矿工人的情境意识要素间的因果关系结构，建立更具鲁棒性的情境意识驱动模型,提出了一种基于DEMATEL和ISM法耦合的矿工情境意识驱动模型构建方法。首先，在构建情境意识概念模型的基础上从组织、个人和环境3个维度辨识矿工情境意识驱动要素；然后，运用熵值法计算矿工情境意识驱动要素的权重，并借助DEMATEL和ISM方法确定情境意识驱动要素间的因果作用关系，进而构建矿工情境意识驱动模型。结果表明，班组安全氛围是矿工情境意识的根本影响因素；生理心理状况、工作记忆、作业能力和作业经验是直接影响因素；组织制度、人岗匹配性、作业环境、培训组织、作业规程和作业负荷设计是间接影响因素。     

矿井火灾疏散中安全管理员情境意识影响因素的研究

情境意识是一种理解信息、整合信息的能力,对于矿井发生火灾时安全管理人员做出正确决策指挥疏散有着至关重要的作用,但目前国内对于情境意识的研究几乎完全局限于航空领域。因此,在情境意识现有理论和矿井事故研究成果的基础上,提出了矿井安全管理人员情境意识影响因素的假设,构建了情境意识影响因素理论模型。通过编制测量问卷,利用因子分析过程对测量问卷进行了检验。通过AMOS解释结构方程模型的方法验证了假设的正确性和模型的合理性,获得了各影响因素对于矿井火灾疏散时安全管理员情景意识产生的影响大小,并根据各因素的影响大小提出了针对性措施。结果表明,将航空功效领域的情境意识理论应用于矿井火灾疏散研究具有可行性。     

机组资源管理与安全绩效关系研究

为提高飞行安全绩效,基于航线安全审计3要素,并结合我国1988—2003年49起民航飞行事故中机组资源管理缺陷统计分析数据,确定影响机组资源管理的4个要素:机组沟通、工作负荷、机组决策和情景意识。应用结构方程模型(SEM),构建机组资源管理与飞行安全绩效关系假设模型,并选取我国航空公司一线民航飞行人员为研究对象,进行实证研究。结果表明:机组沟通、工作负荷、机组决策、情景意识与安全情境绩效和安全任务绩效显著相关;安全情境绩效与安全任务绩效显著相关。改善机组沟通、提高情景意识、优化机组决策以及均衡工作负荷,均能有效提高飞行安全水平。     

民航飞行员非技术技能评价模型的研究

为了准确地掌握飞行员的非技术技能,提高安全培训效能和飞行机组排班的科学性,对飞行员非技术技能的评价模型进行了研究,从飞行员的机组交流与合作能力、自动化系统意识、情境意识与决策、领导与管理、应激能力5个方面构建了飞行员非技术技能评价指标体系,运用灰色关联分析-因子分析相结合的方法建立了飞行员非技术技能评价模型。运用此模型对某航空公司5名不同背景的飞行员的非技术技能实施了评价。研究结果表明:此模型可以定量地判定飞行员非技术技能的高低,并能够识别飞行员非技术技能的薄弱环节。     

航空工效中情境觉知的研究

随着航空设备自动化 /智能化水平的不断提高 ,现代飞机座舱中动态信息越来越多 ,而飞行员的主要作用已由操作控制向监视转移 ,即人的体力负荷下降、心理负荷增加的现象变得更加突出。鉴于此 ,有关飞行员情境觉知研究已成了目前航空工效研究领域中比较活跃的一个方向 ,笔者通过对情境觉知的发展历史、概念定义、影响因素、定性模型分析 ,并结合前人的研究成果建立了一个新的情境觉知定义和相应的情境觉知多级触发定性分析模型 ,初步揭示了高级飞行员和飞行学员之间的情境认知差别 ,并为进一步建立定量的情境觉知多级触发分析模型 (包括不同情境下飞行员的感觉、理解、预测等阶段的临界值 )打下了基础。     

交通行为意识的行为控制作用

引用心理学中意识对行为的控制作用,简单描述了人的行为过程,得出行为意识对行为控制起到"总开关"的作用;指出增强交通行为意识是实现交通行为控制的有效手段;将交通行为意识分为3种,即交通安全意识、交通守法意识和交通秩序意识,依据心理学中意识建立和强化的一般方法提出了建立与增强3种交通行为意识的基本方法,包括教育、宣传、刺激、处罚、回报(包括自然回报和人为回报)及激励等6种方法。笔者提出的交通行为意识增强及激励的方法,为确保交通参与者的交通安全和进一步提高道路交通管理水平提供新的理论和方法依据。     

基于SEM的建筑企业安全文化绩效形成机制研究

为探讨工程项目情境下建筑企业安全文化构成及其形成绩效机制,基于扎根理论,提出安全文化包含物质、制度、观念及情境4部分,依此构建其与安全绩效因果关系的结构方程模型(SEM),运用软件AMOS7.0对问卷调查所得数据进行分析并对模型进行验证。结果表明,安全情境文化对安全结果产生持续、微弱的负向影响;安全观念文化对安全结果产生较大间接影响;而安全制度文化和物质文化对安全结果的影响都有直接和间接影响(通过影响安全行为最终影响结果)2方面,并据此提出持续改进情境文化、综合采用行为管理方法与非行为管理方法的建议。     

地铁乘客火灾应激反应过程模型构建与分析

为提高地铁乘客的火灾应对能力,基于应激反应模型,构建地铁火灾应激反应过程理论模型;收集357份有效问卷数据,采用因子分析和结构方程模型(SEM),探讨个体特性、特定情境、认知评价、社会支持、应对方式和应对结果 6个变量及变量各维度之间的相互影响关系。研究结果表明:个体特性可以正向调节心理反应结果,特定情境变量可以反向调节心理反应结果,认知评价对心理反应结果有显著的正向中介作用,应对方式和社会支持对心理反应的中介作用不显著;特定情境会对应对方式、认知评价会对社会支持产生显著的正向影响关系。     

“Everything was fine”*: An analysis of the drill crew's situation awareness on Deepwater Horizon

PurposeInvestigation reports into the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig disaster identified issues with the drill crew's situation awareness (SA). The aim was to (1) apply the Driller's Situation Awareness (DSA) model to the cognitive data extracted from accident reports from this event to determine if it could help to explain why the crew erroneously concluded that the well was stable, which would (2) provide a preliminary evaluation of the model's validity.MethodThe DSA model was used for a content analysis of the SA components in the accounts of the crew's actions during two Negative Pressure Tests (NPT), in the hours before the blowout.ResultsThe analysis provided (1) insight into the crew's likely cognitive processes before the blowout. In particular, it revealed issues with their interpretation and mental models of the well state, as well as possible influencing factors including expectation, distraction and experience, emphasising the impact that SA can have on process safety. The categorisation has (2) initially suggested that the DSA model does contain the appropriate components.LimitationsThere are limited first hand reports of this event and thus cognitive processes have to be inferred with a degree of caution.Practical implicationsThe findings give a preliminary validation of the DSA model for further use in training and in investigation of well control events. Recommendations based on the findings are offered for assisting driller SA and consequently, for supporting safe and efficient drilling operations. There is also the opportunity to adapt the DSA model and apply the recommendations from the analysis to similar monitoring positions, where SA is essential, within the process industries.     

Common operations failure modes in the process industries

The Abnormal Situation Management^® (ASM^®) Consortium (This research study was sponsored by the Abnormal Situation Management (ASM) Consortium. ASM^® and Abnormal Situation Management^® are registered trademarks of Honeywell International, Inc.) funded a study to investigate common failure modes and root causes associated with operations practices. The study team analyzed 20 public and 12 private incident reports using the TapRoot^® methodology to identify root causes. These root causes were mapped to operations practice failures. This paper describes the top ten operations failure modes identified in the analysis. Specific recommendations include how to analyze plant incident reports to better understand the sources of systemic failures and improve plant operating practices.     

A guide for assessing control room operator performance using speed and accuracy,perceived workload,situation awareness,and eye tracking

In the petrochemical industry, control room operators must address safety-critical alarms and other tasks using complex interfaces. This study developed a guide for assessing human performance using standard human factors measurement tools, and tested the sensitivity of those tools with two interface designs (i.e., gray and black) at three levels of workload (i.e., easy, medium, and difficult). The guide measures human performance through speed and accuracy, perceived workload using two standard instruments (i.e., NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) and Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT)), situation awareness through the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT), and gaze through eye tracking coordinates. Twelve engineering student participants completed one simulation session at each of the three workload levels using one of two interface designs. Workload was manipulated through the number of simulated events (failures) in each session. Overall, the speed and accuracy measures, workload ratings, and eye tracking showed sensitivity to differences in workload level, and situation awareness showed sensitivity to the interaction between workload level and interface type. None of the tools were sensitive to interface type alone. Accuracy was highest under easy workload. Time per failure decreased at higher workload levels. Perceived workload ratings from the SWAT increased as workload increased, but workload ratings from the NASA-TLX were not different across workload levels. When workload increased, situation awareness remained steady for the gray interface but decreased sharply for the black interface, illustrating an interaction effect. Finally, the percentage of time spent looking at different areas of the screen during steady-state periods differed among workload levels. The tools in this guide can be used in the petrochemical industry to make design decisions for control room interfaces when workload levels are a concern.     

水杨酸对镉、锌复合胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

在水培条件下,以辽春10号小麦品种为供试材料,研究了10-4mol.L-1、10-5mol.L-1、10-6mol.L-13种不同浓度的水杨酸(SA)对1mmol.L-1Cd2+、5mmol.L-1Zn2+复合胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:与对照组(未加SA处理的Cd2+、Zn2+复合污染)相比,经SA处理Cd2+、Zn2+复合胁迫下小麦幼苗地上及地下生物量都有明显增高,特别是10-4mol.L-1SA处理组分别增加23.78%和24.7%;10-4mol.L-1SA处理组小麦幼苗根系活力提高6.74%。在试验第6 d、11 d根系和叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)分别达到峰值且以10-4mol.L-1SA处理组最高;在整个试验期间3个SA处理组过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性始终高于对照,其中10-4mol.L-1SA处理组为对照组的146.6%;SA处理使丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,在试验第11 d,10-4mol.L-1SA处理组叶片和根系中丙二醛含量分别为对照组的85.5%和87.6%。但是在试验第14 d各组小麦幼苗叶片和根系中丙二醛含量全部有所回升。综合来看,不同浓度的SA处理均能提高小麦幼苗的抗氧化酶活性且高浓度SA(10-4mol.L-1)处理效果最明显。这表明,水杨酸能够通过促进保护酶活性的升高,抑制活性氧含量的增加,从而有效缓解Cd2+、Zn2+复合胁迫对小麦的毒害。     

The impact of self-appraisals on reactions to feedback from others: the role of self-enhancement and self-consistency concerns

This study examined the usefulness of self-appraisal (SA) as a technique designed to enhance the motivational and developmental impact of feedback from others. Drawing from research on self-enhancement and self-consistency motives, it was hypothesized that individuals would agree with and incorporate feedback that is consistent with their SA, whereas they would be more satisfied and perform better if feedback is more favorable than their SA. A field study was conducted with 122 MBA students as participants. On average, students were 25 years old and had 1.8 years of work experience. Seventy per cent of students were male and 82 per cent were white. The findings supported all of the hypotheses except the hypothesis concerning satisfaction. Implications for improving the impact of performance appraisal feedback are discussed.     

SA8000与OHSMS试行标准

简要介绍了 SA80 0 0 (社会责任标准 )和 OHSMS(职业安全卫生管理体系 )试行标准的内容和要求 ;分析了两个标准的联系和区别 ;论述了实施 OHSMS试行标准的作用 ;提出了加强我国安全生产管理的建议。     

谈安全评价及其方法

概括了安全评价的定义和作用,详细地论述了两种定量的安全评价方法——指数法和概率法,简单介绍了我国安全评价工作的发展和存在的问题。     

Automation design in advanced control rooms of the modernized nuclear power plants

This study evaluated the effects of levels of automation (LOAs) decisions in advanced control rooms of the modernized nuclear power plants. Following advancements in design of digitalized human–system interfaces (HSIs), the roles of human operators have changed significantly. Negative performance and safety consequences may occur as a result of these changes. These problems are viewed as the out-of-the-loop (OOTL) performance problems. This study conducted an experiment to compare the effects of different LOAs under different operating procedures on operating performance. Experimental results indicated that blended decision-making (level 6 LOA) generates the lowest mental workload. Furthermore, the pattern of SA observed in this study is found better SA at intermediate LOA and poorer SA at low level of automation and full automation. Subjective rating results suggest that LOAs distribute the roles of option generation, and selection between human and/or computer servers which significantly impacts automated system performance. This study provides a direction for the HSI designers in nuclear power plants (NPPs). Additionally, based on results obtained by this study, the user interfaces of PCTRAN system and the alarm reset system should be improved to ensure safe operation of NPPs.     

环境风险评价的现状问题及建议初探

在介绍环境风险评价发展概况的基础上,简要探讨了环境风险评价存在的问题,包括环境风险评价与安全评价在技术方法上协调不足,环境风险评价与环境风险评估衔接不够到位,环境风险评价方法体系与国外尚存在差距,部分环境风险防范措施的标准指导有待完善。针对以上问题,建议不同职能部门加强沟通和合作,推动环境风险评价、安全评价技术标准和手段更好地统一;将环境风险评价和环境风险评估有效衔接或合并;加强相关基础研究和数据积累工作;在相关技术导则或评估指南中明确事故应急池等环境风险防范措施的设置依据。