Three industries and wastewater and COD discharge of Beijing

Ｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙ,ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｓｗｉｆｔｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｅｃｏｎｏｍｙａｎｄｔｈｅｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｐｅｏｐｌｅ′ｓｌｉｖｉｎｇｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ ,ｔｈｅｗａｔｅｒｕｓｅａｍｏｕｎｔａｎｄｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｄｉｓｃｈａｒｇｅｂｅｃｏｍｅｂｉｇｇｅｒａｎｄｂｉｇｇｅｒ,ａｎｄｔｈｅｗａｔｅｒｑｕａｌｉｔｙｉｓｇｅｔｔｉｎｇｗｏｒｓｅａｎｄｗｏｒｓｅ .Ｓｏｉｌａｎｄａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｐｏｌｌｕｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒ,ａｎｄｐｅｏｐ…     

ThreeIndustries and water consumption of Beijing

ＴｈｒｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓａｎｄｗａｔｅｒｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎｏｆＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＷａｎｇＨｏｎｇｒｕｉＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＮｏｒｍａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１００８７５，...     

Mechanics Principle and Engineering Application of Split Layer and Bed Separation of Mining Overburden

<正>To control land surface subsidence caused the underground mineral exploitation and the catastrophic phenomena such as serious damage of buildings, waterbodies, cultivated lands, railways, bridges caused by land subsidence, bed separation grouting technology of overburden is put forward. To provide theoretical support for the technology, the characteristics and the mechanics mechanism of mining overburden from layer-split to formation of bed separation are studied. On the basis of elastic sheet board theory, calculation formula of rock sheet deflection is presented, and the mechanics criteria of the separation formation and the calculation formula of bed separation volume are set up. Finally, the applications and technics of bed separation grout technology of mining overburden to control land subsidence in china are introduced.     

Technological paradigm and innovation of EST of SMEs in China

This article described the change of technological paradigm from environmentally unfriendly technology to environmentally sound technology(EST),and reported results from the investigation made in 1993-1995 of how China's small-medium enterprises(SMEs)have been innovating technology in response to environmental pressures and tried to identify factors affecting China' SMEs to innovate more environmentally sound products and processes.     

Adaptability of microbial inoculators and their contribution to degradation of mineral oil and PAHs

Five dominant bacteria strains（A cetobacter sp., Alcdigenes sp., Micrococcus sp., Arthrobacter sp. and Bacillus sp.） and five fungi strains （Cephalosporium sp. Ⅰ, Cephalosporlum sp. Ⅱ, Aspergillus sp. Ⅰ, Aspergillus sp. Ⅱ and Fusarium sp.） isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil were used to assess the potential capability of mineral oil and PAH enhanced degradation separately and jointly using the batch liquid medium cultivation with diesel oil spiked at 1000 mg/L. The experiment was performed on a reciprocal shaker in the darkness at 25℃ to 30℃ for 100 d. The dynamic variation in the activity of microbial inoculators in each treatment and the degradation of the target pollutants during the period of experiment were monitored. Results showed a more rapid biodegradation of mineral oil and PAHs at the beginning of the experiment （about 20 d） by dominant bacteria, fungi and their mixture than that of the indigenous microorganisms, however, thereafter an opposite trcnd was exhibited that the removal ratio by indigenous microorganisms was superior to any other dominant treatments and the tendency lasted till the end of the experiment, indicating the limited competitive capability of dominant microorganisms to degrade the contaminants, and the natural selection of indigenous microorganisms for use in the removal of the contaminants. At the end of the experiment, the removal ratio of mineral oil ranged from 56.8 % to 79.2 % and PAHs ranged from 96.8 % to 99.1% in each treatment by microbial inoculators,     

Spatial and temporal dynamics of microbial community composition and factors influencing the surface water and sediments of urban rivers

The temporal and spatial characteristics of urban river bacterial communities help us understand the feedback mechanism of bacteria to changes in the aquatic environment.The Fuhe River plays an important role in determining the water ecological environment of Baiyangdian Lake.16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to study the microbial distribution characteristics in the Fuhe River in different seasons.The results showed that some environmental factors of the surface water (ammonia nitrogen (NH_...     

Emergy evaluation of the environment and economy of Hong Kong

ＥｍｅｒｇｙｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｎｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｙｏｆＨｏｎｇＫｏｎｇＬａｎＳｈｅｎｇｆａｎｇＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ，ＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｇｕａｎｇｚｈｏ...     

Control effects of pε and pH on the generation and stability of chlorine dioxide

IntroductionDuetotheformationofsomepotentiallyhazardousby productsfromchlorinedisinfectionindrinkingwater,chlorinedioxide(ClO2 ) ,asanalternativedisinfectantandaneffectiveoxidant,formedfewerhalogenatedDBPsthanchlorine(Richardson ,1 994;2 0 0 0 ;Bryant,1 992 ) .InvestigationsofthegenerationandstabilityofClO2 havealreadypromoteditsapplication .However,previousstudiespaynoattentiontothefactorofelectronactivity (pε)thatactuallyaffectsthegenerationandstabilityofClO2 Theignoranceofpεappearan…     

Environmental Taxes and Prices of Resources

During its 25 years of reform China has made impressive progress in the transition to a market economy. Much of the production and distribution in China is managed through the market, and the efficiency of this mechanism is evident in the country's sustained rapid growth. While the market is good at many things, however, it is not good at everything. One place in particular where the market breaks down concerns the use of natural resources and the environment, particularly where some important resource is freely available. While China's record of production and GDP growth is fantastic, its record of     

Dynamic simulation and modeling of PCP transport between sediment and water

ＤｙｎａｍｉｃｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇｏｆＰＣＰｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔａｎｄｗａｔｅｒＬｉＴｉｅ，ＹｅＣｈａｎｇｍｉｎｇ，ＬｅｉＺｈｉｆａｎｇＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＥｃｏＥｎｖｉｒｏ...     

Bioaccumulation and translocation of cadmium in cole （Brassica campestris L.） and celery （Apium graveolens） grown in the polluted oasis soil, Northwest of China

A pot experiment was conducted to study the bioaccumulation and translocation of cadmium (Cd) in cole (Brassica campestris L.) and celery (Apium graveolens) grown in the Cd-polluted oasis soil, Northwest of China. The results showed that Cd in the unpolluted oasis soil was mainly bound to carbonate fraction (F2) and Fe-Mn oxide fraction (F3). However, marked change of Cd fractions was observed with increasing soil Cd concentrations, in which the concentration of Cd in F1 (exchangeable fraction), F2 and F3 increased significantly (p < 0.001 for F1, F2 and F3). The growth of cole and celery could be facilitated by low concentrations of Cd, but inhibited by high concentrations. The correlation analysis between the fraction distribution coefficient of Cd in the soil and Cd concentration accumulated in the two vegetables showed that Cd in F1 in the soil made the greatest contribution on the accumulation of Cd in the two vegetables. The high bio-concentration factor and the translocation factor of Cd in both cole and celery were observed, and Cd had higher accumulation in the edible parts of the two vegetables. Therefore, both cole and celery grown in Cd-polluted oasis soil have higher risk to human health. And the two vegetables are not suitable to be cultivated as vegetables consumed by human in the Cd-polluted oasis soil.     

秦王川盆地土壤重金属来源、分布及污染评价

为探究秦王川盆地土壤重金属的来源、分布及污染情况,测定了研究区51个表层土壤样品的8种重金属（Cr、Zn、Cu、As、Pb、Mn、Ni、Cd）总量和pH值;采用多元统计、地质统计方法和GIS技术对重金属的来源、空间变异结构和分布进行了研究,利用污染指数法和模糊综合评判法对重金属污染进行了评价.结果表明：Zn、Ni含量均值大于当地背景值,其余重金属含量均值都低于背景值;Cd属于强变异,其余均为中等变异,Zn、Cr服从对数正态分布,其余均服从正态分布;Cr、Cu、As、Pb、Mn主要为成土母质等自然来源,Cd、Ni主要来源于工业、交通污染,Zn主要来源于农业生产;Zn、As、Ni、Cd的空间分布呈岛状,Cu、Mn呈带状分布,Cr、Pb呈岛状和带状分布相结合的特点;污染指数评价结果为Cr、Cu、Pb处在警戒线,As、Mn、Ni属于轻度污染,Cd为中度污染,Zn为重度污染;模糊综合评判得出1个土样为轻度污染,2个为警戒程度,其余为安全;土壤质量标准是反映土壤质量的依据,总体看,研究区土壤重金属环境质量良好,均未超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准.     

某试验场土壤重金属分布特征及其污染评价

试验场重金属污染是广受关注的环境问题之一.选取吉林某试验场的静爆试验区、落弹区和生活保障区作为研究对象,检测了112个表层土壤样品及两个土壤剖面中的重金属(As、 Cd、 Cr、 Cu、 Ni、 Pb和Zn)含量,分析了重金属分布特征并对其进行了源解析,采用多个污染指数评价法对重金属的污染程度及潜在生态风险进行了研究.结果表明,静爆试验区土壤中As、 Cd、 Cu、 Ni和Zn含量的平均值高于吉林省背景值,且Cu、 Zn、 As和Cd含量表现出较强的空间异质性;落弹区土壤中As、 Cd和Ni含量的平均值超出背景值;生活保障区土壤中As和Cd含量的平均值高于背景值,并且Pb、 Cd、 Zn和Cr变异系数较强,表明其可能受到人类活动的影响.在不同的试验区,土壤中As、 Cr、 Cu、 Ni和Zn含量具有显著差异(P<0.05),静爆试验区较落弹区受到试验活动影响更为强烈,土壤剖面表层重金属含量明显偏高,土壤剖面中重金属未发生明显垂向迁移.多元统计和APCS-MLR源解析分析表明,Zn、 Pb和Cd主要受到试验活动相关的污染源影响,Cr和Ni主要受成土母质自然源影响,As和Cu来源较为...     

地质高背景区外源污染叠加条件下大白菜对Cd、Pb、Zn累积途径探究

黔西北是喀斯特重金属地质高背景区,受历史上土法炼锌影响,区域内大气降尘重金属含量高,土壤污染严重.为探究叶菜类蔬菜重金属的累积途径,以大白菜为供试作物,选择Cd、 Pb和Zn含量一致的地质高背景土壤和锌冶炼污染土壤,在锌粉厂污染区和无污染对照区进行盆栽试验,研究露天、覆膜和大棚栽培条件下大白菜重金属含量、富集系数(BCF)和转运系数(TF).结果表明,污染区和对照区大白菜ω(Cd)范围分别在0.10～1.01 mg·kg^-1和0.10～0.91 mg·kg^-1,ω(Pb)为0.31～0.62 mg·kg^-1和0.23～0.37 mg·kg^-1,ω(Zn)为7.50～32.74 mg·kg^-1和4.88～21.79 mg·kg^-1,总体上污染区重金属含量偏高,在地质高背景土壤上种植的大白菜,Cd和Pb基本达到国家食品安全标准限值的要求.受大气沉降的影响,污染区大白菜Pb和Zn含量显著高于对照区,Cd差异不明显.污染土壤弱酸溶态Cd、 Pb和Zn占比分别为48...     

基于地统计学和GIS的土壤和蔬菜重金属的环境质量评价

以浙江省上虞市东关镇为例,利用地统计学与GIS技术相结合的方法揭示了该地区土壤与蔬菜重金属含量的空间分布特征,并评价其重金属的环境质量状况,在参照评价标准的基础上,绘制了土壤与蔬菜重金属的空间分布图,并对其成因进行了探讨.结果表明:东关镇大部分田块存在着重金属分布不均的情况;Cu、Zn的含量偏低,Pb、Cd含量偏高;全镇土壤和蔬菜重金属含量的空间变异很大,土壤重金属的全量与有效态含量之间存在显著的正相关,空间分布存在一定相似形,与蔬菜的空间分布则存在很大的区别,蔬菜重金属含量与土壤重金属的含量有一定的相关性,基本都未达到显著水平;小青菜中Zn和Cu的含量未超标,Pb、Cd则超标.     

我国几个工矿与污灌区土壤重金属污染状况及原因探讨

对我国几个重工业区、矿区、开发区以及污灌区土壤重金属污染状况的调查结果表明，土壤重金属含量绝大部分高于土壤背景值，Cd、Zn等明显超标，某些重金属元素含量间还存在着一定的伴生规律。土中浸提态Cd、Zn含量与土壤pH值呈负相关。土壤中的重金属主要来自于污灌、金属矿藏开采、污泥利用以及大气飘尘等。金属冶炼厂附近土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd含量皆与离污染源距离呈密切的指数相关（R^2＞0.9）。     

江苏沿海典型围垦区土壤重金属分布特征及来源分析

根据江苏沿海条子泥围垦区90个表层土壤重金属含量测试数据,分析其分布特征,应用地质累积指数法评价重金属污染现状,通过相关性分析和主成分分析研究重金属的来源。结果表明,重金属平均含量的大小顺序为Cr > Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb > As > Cd > Hg,高值区分布于梁垛河口,低值区分布于用作淡水养殖的滩涂;土壤环境质量优良,88个样品为一类土壤,重金属元素的平均地质累积指数小于0,污染程度为无污染;重金属元素主要来源于自然沉积,Cr、Cd、Pb还受到一定人类活动影响。     

长株潭典型污染区稻田剖面土壤重金属的累积及形态特征

为探究长株潭地区不同污染源影响下稻田土壤中重金属的分布特征,对该区有机肥施用区、沼液灌溉区、铅锌矿污染区以及工业污染区剖面土壤中重金属的总量和形态进行分析,采用单项污染指数和综合污染指数进行风险评价,并利用已知污染源区的土壤重金属形态特征对未知污染源区的土壤进行污染源解析. 结果表明:①研究区表层(0~10 cm)土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr和Ni的平均含量分别为0.8、54.5、43.6、158.6、106.2和23.3 mg/kg. 相对于长株潭地区土壤背景值,表层土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn均有累积,且Cd平均含量超过《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018)中农用地土壤污染风险筛选值;随着土壤深度增加,Cd、Pb、Zn和Cr在次表层(10~20 cm)土壤也有累积,其平均含量分别比当地背景值高出6.9%、19.8%、101.4%和67.0%;在深层(80~100 cm)土壤中,Zn和Cr的平均含量仍分别比当地背景值高出30.4%和48.4%. ② Cd、Pb的单项污染指数高值集中在表层土壤,部分采样点呈轻微或轻度累积,少数采样点呈中度累积;Zn以轻微累积和中度累积为主,极少数采样点为重度累积,个别采样点存在污染风险;综合污染指数显示,研究区内表层土壤为重度或中度累积. ③有机肥施用区TOC含量与可氧化态Cu、Zn含量呈显著或极显著相关;沼液灌溉区TOC含量则与可氧化态Cu、Zn含量均呈极显著相关;铅锌矿污染区可交换态Pb含量与可交换态Cd、Zn含量均呈极显著相关;而工业污染区则只有可交换态Pb含量与可交换态Cd含量呈极显著相关. 研究显示,污染源的不同造成长株潭地区稻田土壤中不同重金属的累积程度及其主要赋存形态间的相关性存在明显差异,因此,可以借助土壤中重金属的累积程度、主要赋存形态及其相关性对土壤中重金属的主要来源进行初步识别,为源头防治污染土壤提供理论依据.      

Mobility and speciation of Cd,Cu,and Zn in two acidic soils affected by simulated acid rain

Through a batch experiment, the mobility and speciation of heavy metals(Cd, Cu, Zn) in two acidic forest soils from Hunan Province were studied. The results showed that the release and potential active speciation of Cd, Cu, and Zn in the tested contaminated red soil(CRS) and yellow red soil(CYRS) increased significantly with pH decreasing and ion concentrations increasing of simulated acid rain, and these effects were mainly decided by the pH value of simulated acid rain. Cd had the highest potential nsk on the environment compared with Cu and Zn. Cd existed mainly in exchangeable form in residual CRS and CYRS, Cu in organically bound and Mn-oxide occluded forms, and Zn in mineral forms due to the high background values.     

滇西地区土壤重金属来源解析及空间分布

以滇西重金属地质高背景区为研究区,系统采集了4193件表层土壤样品,分析测试了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属元素的含量,综合运用相关分析、主成分分析和单因素方差分析等经典统计方法探讨了土壤重金属来源和土壤重金属含量与成土母质、土地利用方式之间的关系,并利用地统计方法对重金属的空间分布特征进行了分析.结果表明：①研究区8种重金属含量平均值均超过全国土壤背景值,但是低于农用地污染风险筛选值;与云南省土壤背景值相比,As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量平均值与云南省背景值相当,Hg和Cr的平均含量分别是其背景值的2.35和1.60倍,土壤重金属存在不同程度累积现象.②Cr、Cu和Ni主要受成土母质的控制;Cd、Zn和Pb主要受人类活动影响,人为来源主要为铅锌矿开采选冶、交通运输和煤炭燃烧,Cd、Zn在一定程度上受成土母质的影响;As和Hg以人为来源为主,受汞矿采选、农业活动及煤炭燃烧的影响.③不同成土母质和土地利用方式的土壤中重金属含量差异显著.Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg和Ni在沉积岩母质区土壤中平均含量最高;草地中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Zn平均含量最高.④Cu、Ni、Cr高值区与沉积岩母质区及区内分布的铜矿和铁矿空间耦合性良好;Pb、Cd和Zn的高值区与区内的铅锌矿分布范围基本一致;As和Hg高值区与区内汞矿等热液型金属矿的分布具有较高的空间一致性,在人类活动密集地区也呈高背景分布.