Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Problems of environmental protection and ecology on Bangladesh

The paper deals with the characteristics of Bangladesh basin including river morphology, rain fall pattern, cyclonic storms, forests and coastal area environment and ecosystem. It deals with factors which contribute to floods both natural and man-induced. The paper does with pollution problems including land and water use and indicates briefly policy measures and strategy adopted by government to combat problems of environment and ecology in Bangladesh.     

Monitoring bioaccumulation and toxic e ects of hexachlorobenzene using the polyurethane foam unit method in the microbial communities of the Fuhe River,Wuhan

Hexachlorobenzene （HCB） is a chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon that was widely used for seed dressing in prevention of fungal growth on crops, and also as a component of fireworks, ammunition, and synthetic rubbers. Because of its resistance to degradation and mobility, HCB is widely distributed throughout the environment and is accumulated through food chains in different ecosystems. In this study, a preliminary investigation was carried out on the bioaccumulation and the toxic effects of HCB in the microbial （protozoan in particular） communities in the Fuhe River, Wuhan, a water body receiving industrial wastewaters containing HCB and other pollutants, using the standardized polyurethane foam units （PFU） method. Field samples were taken from eight stations established along the Fuhe River in January and August 2006. The concentration ratios of HCB in microbial communities and in water were 9.66-18.64, and the microbial communities accumulated 13.29-56.88 μg/L of HCB in January and 0.82-10.25 μg/L HCB in August. Correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between the HCB contents in the microbial assemblage, and the number of species and the diversity index of the protozoan communities. This study demonstrated the applicability of the PFU method in monitoring the effects of HCB on the level of microbial communities.     

Rehabilitation and improvement of Guilin urban water environment：Function-oriented management

Economic development and population growth have deeply damaged the urban water environment of Guilin City, China. Main problems involved structural damage and functional deterioration of the urban waters. An integrated technical scheme was developed to rehabilitate the urban water environment and to enhance the waters' functions during 1998-2008. Improvement of waters' functions included water system reconstruction, water pollution control, water safety assurance, and aquatic ecological restoration. The water system was reconstructed to connect different waters and clean water supplies to the lakes. Moreover, water pollution was controlled to improve water quality by endogenous pollutant elimination and extraneous pollutant interception. In addition, ecological measures put in place serve to enhance water system functions and better benefit both nature and humans. The project has brought about sound ecological, economic and social benefits in Guilin City, which can potentially be extended to similar cities.     

Water quality characteristics along the course of the Huangpu River （China）

Huangpu River is about 114.5 km from upriver Dianfeng to downriver Wusong,near the estuary of the Yangtze River.It plays a key role in supplying water for production,life,shipment and irrigation.With the industrial development,the pollution of the Huangpu River has become serious recently.The biological oxygen demand (BOD),total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus (TP),oil,phenol and suspended solids (SS) were lower in the upstream sites than in the downstream sites,indicating pollutants being input along its course. Water quality was the worst in the Yangpu site,near the center of Shanghai City.Dissolved oxygen (DO) content was less than 2 mg/L in the site of Yangpu in July.Among relations between thirteen characteristics,relations between BOD,DO,TN,TP,NH_4~ -N, NO_3~--N and the count of total bacteria or Escherichia coli were significant and interdependent.Inner relationships between these main characteristics in the Huangpu River were studied.High nutrient concentration led to growth of microorganisms,including E.coli. Degradation of organic matters and respiration of bacteria made oxygen concentration decreased in the water body,and DO was a key factor for nitrification-denitrification process of nitrogen.In the Yangpu site,DO was decreased to less than 3.0 mg/L with BOD higher than 7.5 mg/L in May and July.Low DO concentration will decrease nitrification rate.Nitrification need at higher DO value than other organic substrate oxidation.Consequently,river water contains low NO_3~--N values with high amounts of TN and NH_4~ -N there.This will block the self-purification of surface water,by decreasing the rate of nitrification-denitrification transformation process in the water body.     

Coagulation of micro-polluted Pearl River water with IPF-PACIs

Water samples collected from early March 2001 to the end of April 2002 at the branch of Pearl River around the Guangzhou City were analyzed for its micro-polluted characteristics. The coagulation behavior of polyaluminum chlorides(PACIs) was then examined focusing on the effect of primary water quality and speciation distribution. The results showed that PACIs exhibit better coagulation efficiency than alum in accordance with the different speciation.The turbidity removal property of PACIs is evidently better than alum at low dosage. While in neutral zone(about 6.5--7.5), the turbidity removal of PACIs decreases owing to the restabilization of particles at higher dosage. The organic matters in raw water exhibit marked influence on coagulation. In acidic zone, organic matters complex with polymer species and promote the formation of flocs. With an increase in pH, the complexation of organics with polymer species gradually decreases, and the removal of organics mainly depends on adsorption. The effect is evidently improved with the raise of B value.     

Preliminary study on organic contaminants in the water of northwest part of the Lake Chao

The waterquality of the downstream of Nanfei River and the northwest area of Lake Chao is evaluated from organic analysis aspect. PAHs such as fluoranthene, pyrene are detected in the waters collected from downstream river and river mouth. More phenolic compounds are found in the river water. Some halogenated hydrocarbons are present in the river and lake waters. A great many of aliphatic hydrocarbons and benzene hydrocarbons found in all the water samples are about one third of the total organics detected. The hydrophobic components are found to be present not only in water but also in suspended sediment. The ratio of the amount existing is 0.4 in sediment and 1 in particle-free water. The quantity of humic materials existing in lake water is larger than that in river water. The proportion of the humic materials in lake water to that in river water is 1.9 to 1. In the lake water, some natural substances, such as dimethyl disulfide, alpha-pinene, azulene, and 6- methyl -2-heptanone are observed.     

Degradation of chlorobenzuron in water and metabolism in fish

The degradation of pesticide 1-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)urea(CCU)in water and its accumulation and metabolism in fish were studied using HPLC method．The results of acute toxicity of both CCU and its naetabolites were also reported．The research demonstrated that CCU degraded quickly in aerobic aquatic environment and primary metabolites of CCU were 4-chlorophenyl urea and orthochlorobenzoic acid．Microorganisms play an important role for the degradation of CCU in water．Both the parents compound and its metabolites were not lethal to fish in tested concentration．The accumulation of CCU in fish was sunilar to that of dillubenzuron．The esterase in fish liver which could metabolized CCU was identified．The primary enzymatic degradation products of CCU is the same as that in water．     

Organochlorine compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment from Baiyangdian Lake, North China： Concentrations, sources profiles and potential risk

Organochlorine pesticides(OCPs),polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs),and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were determined in nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river(Fuhe River) in North China.Total concentrations of OCPs,PCBs and PAHs in sediments ranged from 5.4 to 707.6 ng/g,2.3 to 197.8 ng/g,and 101.3 to 6360.5 ng/g,respectively.The levels of contaminants in Fuhe River were significantly higher than those in Baiyandian Lake.For hexachlorocyclohexane(HCHs) and dichlorodiphenytrichloroethanes(DDTs),α-HCH and p,p-DDT were predominant isomers;while for PCBs,PCB 28/31,PCB 40/103,PCB 60,PCB 101,and PCB 118 were predominant congeners.Possible sources derived from historical usage for OCPs and incomplete combustion fuel,wood,and coal and exhaustion of boats or cars for PAHs.Risk assessment of sediment indicated that sediments in Fuhe River were likely to pose potential biological adverse impact.     

Environment and cancer in Shanghai

Shanghai is the biggest industrial city in China, and the problem of environmental pollution is rather serious. This article, taking Shanghai as an example, is to discuss: a general view of Shanghai's environment; the present situation and characteristics of cancer in Shanghai; analyses of the environmental factors of some kinds of cancers. The paper emphasizes the relationship between the environment and cancer in Shanghai, especially the environmental pollution and cancer. The aim of the article is not only to call people's concern to the pollution , but also to study the causes of some cancers.     

渭河陕西段沉积物中总磷、总氮时空分布特征及其影响因素研究

为探究沉积物中总磷、总氮的时空分布特征及其影响因素,以渭河陕西段5个研究点为例,分别于2013年夏季(6月)和冬季(12月)进行两次采样,通过野外实验对水温、p H、电导率、溶解氧、流速等环境因子的测定,结合室内实验对沉积物中总磷、总氮含量的测定和粒度分析,研究沉积物中总磷、总氮的时空分布特征,以及各环境因子与其相关性.结果表明,大多数研究点沉积物中总磷、总氮含量在垂向上呈现先减小后增大再减小的趋势;在季节上呈现夏季含量高于冬季含量的趋势,其中各研究点夏季沉积物中总磷含量平均值为15.79 g·kg-1,总氮含量平均值为5.50 g·kg-1,而冬季沉积物中总磷含量平均值为5.91 g·kg-1,总氮含量平均值为2.46 g·kg-1;通过沉积物氮、磷元素含量与各环境因子的相关性分析,发现影响沉积物中总磷、总氮含量的环境因子主要有温度、p H、电导率和溶解氧.     

秦淮河典型河段总氮总磷时空变异特征

2010年6月～2011年5月,对秦淮河典型河段水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的污染状况进行了周年定点观测,采用传统统计学方法初步探讨了秦淮河水体TN、TP污染状况及时空间变化特征.结果表明,秦淮河TN、TP污染严重,且具有很强的时空变异性.秦淮河传统农业区、集约农业区和城市区TN平均浓度分别为1.80、3.97、9.25 mg·L-1,TP平均浓度分别为0.03、0.11、0.50 mg·L-1,表明秦淮河TN、TP主要来源于城市区和集约农业区,而传统农业区对水体TN、TP贡献较小.秦淮河丰水期和枯水期TN平均浓度分别为1.89、4.58 mg·L-1,TP平均浓度分别为0.11、0.14 mg·L-1,表明秦淮河枯水期较丰水期污染严重.富营养化评价结果显示,秦淮河河段大都处于富营养化状态,应及时采取治理措施.     

河流底泥DOM、营养盐与重金属空间分异特征及响应关系

为探究河流底泥中的溶解性有机物(DOM)和营养盐对重金属迁移转化的影响,以沈阳市新穆河、南小河和老背河为研究对象,利用三维荧光光谱,结合平行因子(PARAFAC)、主成分分析(PCA)和结构方程模型(SEM)研究了底泥中的DOM、营养盐与重金属的空间分异特征及DOM与营养盐对重金属的响应关系.结果表明,3条河流底泥中的总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)呈重度污染状态.南小河底泥中的ω(Zn)、ω(As)、ω(Cu)、ω(Ni)和ω(Cd)分别是辽宁省土壤背景值的2.48、 1.02、 3.45、 3.00和39.05倍,老背河的ω(Zn)、ω(Cu)和ω(Cd)分别是背景值的2.56、 1.92和8.00倍,新穆河的ω(Zn)和ω(Cu)分别是背景值的1.40和1.10倍,总体上3条河流均存在重金属累积现象,累积严重程度为：南小河>老背河>新穆河,其中南小河和老背河Cd污染严重.应用PARAFAC共解析出5类DOM组分,分别为类色氨酸、酚类络合物、微生物代谢产物、类富里酸和类胡敏酸,其中类富里酸和类胡敏酸丰度较高;基于PCA分析,新穆河底泥污染的主控因子为TN、 TP、类富里酸和类...     

环渤海湾诸河口底质现状的调查研究

20 0 1年 6月实地采集了环渤海湾诸河口 19处土样 ,进行了汞、铜、锌、铅、砷、总氮、总磷和有机质含量分析 ,发现环渤海湾诸河口底泥中基本无重金属 (及砷 )污染 ,但与历史资料相比 ,近年来重金属含量普遍增加 ,特别是铅和锌含量增加幅度较大 .大多数河口底泥中的总氮和总磷含量较高 ,尤其是海河口附近的河口总氮和总磷含量高达 0 14%和 0 0 9%,通过与水体的交换 ,将对水体富营养化产生影响 .     

洪泽湖沉积物中营养盐和重金属的垂向分布特征研究

为了揭示洪泽湖沉积物中营养盐和重金属的垂向分布特征,2008年6月采集了洪泽湖淮河入湖口附近、湖西和湖心3个柱状沉积物样品.通过测定分析其总氮、总磷、有机质和重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe、Al、Cr、Hg、Mn、As的垂向分布特征,揭示了营养盐演化规律及重金属污染历史.结果表明,淮河口附近沉积环境受淮河流域影响较大,营养盐中TN、TP、OM的含量分别为390.8～643.7、428.6～538.6、5 194.3～9 164.9 mg.kg-1,Zn、Cd、Al、Fe和Mn受人为影响较小,其余重金属人为影响较大.湖西区沉积环境受淮河及湖西周边城市影响,TN、TP、OM的含量为633.4～2 677.3、480.0～1 115.9、7 140.8～47 849.7 mg.kg-1,TN、OM和重金属污染程度从20世纪70年代末加剧,90年代以来有所改善,As和Cr受流域人类活动影响较大,其余重金属受人为影响较小.湖心来源主要为流域碎屑物质,TN、TP、OM的含量为904.7～1 585.4、526.3～750.1、10 635.6～19 020.6 mg.kg-1,营养盐和重金属相关性显著,垂向分布均相似,含量从底层至表层呈上升趋势.沉积柱中营养盐、重金属元素具有比较一致的污染特征,与洪泽湖流域发展阶段相吻合,洪泽湖沉积环境属于洪水冲刷型堆积模式(Turbidity Flood Model方式).     

洞庭湖氮磷时空分布与水体营养状态特征

为揭示通江湖泊洞庭湖水体、沉积物营养盐的时空分布特征,分别于2012年1月和6月在入湖河道、湖区和出湖口共采集了13个具有代表性的水样和沉积物样品,分析了样品中氮、磷的含量及洞庭湖的营养水平. 结果表明,洞庭湖水体中ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)、ρ(NH₄+-N)和ρ(NO₃--N)全湖平均值分别为2.34、0.06、0.27和0.54mg/L,沉积物中w(TN)、w(TP)、w(NH₄+-N)、w(NO₃--N)全湖平均值分别为1220.47、678.97、28.94、4.41mg/kg. 氮、磷含量总体表现为入湖河口大于湖体和出湖口,并且入湖河流中以湘江支流较高,湖体以东洞庭湖区较高. 不同季节间的对比表明,水和沉积物样品中氮、磷含量均表现为6月高于1月,尤其水体中ρ(TN),6月显著高于1月(P<0.01). 洞庭湖全湖TLI(∑)(综合营养状态指数)平均值为45.93,分布规律与ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)一致. 与其他富营养化湖泊相比,洞庭湖ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)较高,但没有发生大面积水华,主要是因为其换水周期短、流速较大所致.      

乐安河中下游重金属时空分布特征及风险评价

为了解乐安河中下游受矿区影响河段的重金属污染水平及其污染程度,于2016年选择不同水文时期,对相应河段表层水体和表层沉积物中6种重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd和As)的含量水平、赋存形态及空间分布进行了研究,并采用地累积指数评价法和潜在生态风险指数法对表层沉积物中重金属的污染程度和生态风险进行了评价.结果表明,乐安河中下游水体中Cu、Zn和Cd等重金属浓度在枯水期高于平水期和丰水期.丰、平水期流速与Cd、Pb、Cu和Cr等重金属浓度表现出显著的正相关关系.表层沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的污染水平较高,重金属含量沿程分布特征存在季节差异,枯水期沉积物中重金属含量在河流靠近矿区处最高,而在丰、平水期则分别在下游和河口处达到最高值.沉积物中重金属除Cd以可交换态为主外,其余重金属形态组成中残渣态比重较高.地累积指数法评价结果显示乐安河受到Cu偏重度污染和Cd中度污染.单因子潜在生态风险指数法显示,Cd的潜在生态风险指数较高,部分河段存在严重风险.     

三峡库区表层沉积物营养盐时空变化及评价

三峡工程开建以来,三峡水库长江干支流水文形势发生了重大变化,水体流态及悬浮物沉降条件的改变可能导致库区表层沉积物性状的改变.对2000~2015年三峡水库长江干流江津至坝址段和嘉陵江、御临河、乌江、小江、大宁河、香溪河等主要入库支流河口表层沉积物中营养盐含量水平、时空变化及污染状况分析和评价.结果表明:干流表层沉积物中总磷各断面含量平均值在678.2~928.6 mg·kg~(-1)之间,总氮质量分数平均值在0.203%~0.362%,钾元素质量分数平均值在1.74%~2.37%之间,有机质质量分数平均值在0.94%~1.54%之间;支流河口表层沉积物中总磷各断面含量平均值在490.1~832.3 mg·kg~(-1)之间,总氮质量分数平均值在0.257%~0.495%,钾元素质量分数平均值在1.69%~2.32%之间,有机质质量分数平均值在1.21%~2.27%之间.干支流绝大部分断面表层沉积物中总磷、钾均值与背景值基本相当,但总氮均值明显高于背景值、有机质均值则显著低于背景值.干支流各断面沉积物中营养盐含量未表现出明显的岸别差异;不同的营养盐在沉积物中含量沿程变化趋势呈现出较明显的差异.不同水期干支流沉积物中营养盐含量存在一定程度的波动;蓄水对表层沉积物中营养盐含量影响有限,未出现明显地随蓄水进程而进一步富集现象.有机指数和有机氮污染评价结果表明,三峡库区表层沉积物环境状况以较清洁为主,仅个别支流和局部时段会呈现较明显的有机污染现象,但均存在较明显的有机氮污染.三峡库区表层沉积物中营养物质存在一定的生态风险,营养物质生态风险主要来自TP和TN.     

Nutrient distribution within and release from the contaminated sediment of Haihe River

We assessed nutrient characteristics, distributions and fractions within the disturbed and undisturbed sediments at four sampling sites within the mainstream of Haihe River. The river sediments contained mostly sand (> 60%). The fraction of clay was < 3%. Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations ranged from 729 to 1922 mg/kg and from 692 to 1388 mg/kg, respectively. Nutrient concentrations within the sediments usually decreased with increasing depth. The TN and TP concentrations within the fine sand were higher than for that within silt. Sediment phosphorus fractions were between 2.99% and 3.37% Ex-P (exchangeable phosphorus), 7.89% and 13.71% Fe/Al-P (Fe, Al oxides bound phosphorus), 61.32% and 70.14% Ca-P (calcium-bound phosphorus), and 17.03% and 22.04% Org-P (organic phosphorus). Nitrogen and phosphorus release from sediment could lead to the presence of 21.02 mg N/L and 3.10 mg P/L within the water column. A river restoration project should address the sediment nutrient stock.     

开封城市河流表层沉积物重金属分布、污染来源及风险评估

河流沉积物重金属污染状况对河流水生态系统健康发展具有重要意义.采集开封城市河流水系表层沉积物,分析了沉积物p H、粒度、有机质、总氮及6种重金属含量,使用相关性与主成分分析方法对沉积物中重金属来源进行解析,并采用污染负荷指数法和沉积物质量基准系数法进行了重金属的污染评价.结果表明,开封城市河流表层沉积物有机质平均含量为88.87 g·kg-1,全氮平均含量为2.48 g·kg-1,重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn和Pb含量远超河南省土壤元素背景值.相关分析和主成分分析显示,沉积物有机质、全氮含量和重金属含量有一定相关关系,而沉积物p H及平均粒径对重金属含量影响较小;6种重金属可被辨识出2个主成分,其中Cd、Cr、Zn和Pb为人为复合源因子,Cu和Ni为工业与自然源因子.污染负荷指数分析表明,惠济河和化肥河为强度污染,黄汴河、东护城河、药厂河和马家河为中度污染.沉积物质量基准系数评价结果表明,惠济河存在中等生态风险,化肥河存在高等生态风险,且沉积物重金属存在较大潜在生物毒性效应.