水体中悬浮颗粒物对十溴二苯醚的吸附/解吸特性研究

采用室内试验法,以沉积颗粒物和浮游植物颗粒(铜绿微囊藻和普通小球藻)作为水体中悬浮颗粒物(SPM),研究了SPM对十溴二苯醚(BDE-209)的吸附/解吸特性.结果表明,沉积颗粒物和浮游植物颗粒对BDE-209的吸附分别在1.5h和0.5h内达到最大,在3h内可以充分达到平衡;沉积颗粒物和浮游植物颗粒对BDE-209的吸附能力存在差异,这与颗粒物中有机质的浓度和类型有关;在实验浓度范围内,BDE-209在SPM上的吸附可用Freundlich等温吸附方程较好地拟合;解吸过程表现出一定的迟滞性,且沉积颗粒物比浮游植物颗粒物具有更明显的迟滞性;pH中性、温度20～30℃的水体有利于SPM对BDE-209的吸附.     

可溶性有机质对芘在泥炭和高岭土上吸附和解吸的影响

为掌握可溶性有机质(DOM)对憎水性有机污染物吸附和解吸行为的影响,本研究选取四环多环芳烃——芘作为目标污染物,通过批平衡实验研究了不同分子量组分DOM对芘在泥炭和高岭土上吸附和解吸的影响.结果表明,吸附和解吸数据均可以用Freundlich模型很好地拟合(R²>0.93).DOM的添加抑制了泥炭对芘的吸附,并且分子量越大的DOM产生的抑制效应越明显,主要是由于DOM与芘分子的竞争、增溶作用及泥炭表面微孔的堵塞引起的.与之相反,DOM促进了芘在高岭土上的吸附,DOM分子量越大,促进效应越强,这是由于DOM与芘分子之间通过累积吸附或共吸附增加高岭土对芘的吸附.DOM促进了芘在泥炭和高岭土上的解吸,并且促进效应随分子量的增加而增强.此外,芘在泥炭和高岭土上的解吸均存在迟滞现象,均在低浓度时表现出更明显的效应.DOM_bulk和DOM_(>14000 Da)增加了芘在泥炭上的解吸迟滞现象,但降低了其在高岭土上的解吸迟滞现象.     

再生水受纳湖泊中邻苯二甲酸酯的生态风险时空分布及管控建议

本研究以再生水受纳湖泊J湖为研究对象,基于多介质归趋模型对湖泊水相和沉积相中邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalic acid esters, PAEs)进行不同时空生态风险评估。结果显示,水相和沉积相中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(dimethyl phthalate, DMP)和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(diethyl phthalate, DEP)的危险商(hazard quotient, HQ)均小于0.1,对湖泊水生生物的风险水平为无风险;湖泊中的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate, DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯(di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, DEHP)生态风险表现出显著的空间异质性,水相中,DBP低风险区占42.7%,DEHP中风险、低风险区分别占93.5%、5.6%;在沉积相中,DBP中风险、低风险区分别占0.5%、69.2%,DEHP中风险、低风险区分别占0.9%、68.3%。不同季节中,湖泊水相DEP、DBP和DEHP的生态风险差异较大,沉积物中PAEs的生态风险随季节变化与水相相似。最后,建议降低再生水中DBP和DEHP的浓度并从源头管控降低...     

行道树悬铃木叶片中邻苯二甲酸酯的研究

采集上海市杨浦区部分交通道路两侧行道树悬铃木叶片样品,对邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的分布特征进行分析.结果表明,叶片组织和表面附着物中均含有邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP);叶片组织易于吸收主要以气相存在于大气中的DBP,质量面积比范围高于表面附着物8倍以上;而主要存在于大气悬浮颗粒中的DEHP在叶片表面附着物中的质量面积比高于DBP.行道树悬铃木叶片中的PAEs质量面积比与机动车流量有一定的相关性.     

DEP和DBP在黑土胶体微界面的动力学行为

邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalic acid esters,PAEs)可对生态环境、食品安全及人类健康构成威胁。东北黑土是中国主要的粮食产区之一。文章旨在探讨黑土胶体对PAEs的吸附动力学和热力学特征,研究PAEs在黑土胶体微界面的动力学行为,这对黑土PAEs污染风险控制具有重要的指导意义。以黑土胶体为试验材料,采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱法,对比研究邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(diethyl phthalate,DEP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate,DBP)两种有机污染物在黑土胶体上的吸附动力学和热力学行为。结果表明,准二级动力学方程可以很好地描述黑土胶体对DEP和DBP的吸附动力学特征,DEP的吸附速率常数大于DBP,DEP(COC,含有机质胶体)吸附速率常数为0.00134,DBP(COC)吸附速率常数为0.00123;颗粒内扩散模型表明,黑土胶体对DEP和DBP的吸附过程中土壤颗粒内扩散不是唯一的速率控制步骤;Langmuir和Freundlich方程可以较好地拟合黑土胶体对DEP和DBP的吸附,平衡吸附量DBP大于DEP,温度为308K时,DEP(COC)的吸附量为666.667mg·kg~-1,DBP(COC)的吸附量为813.01mg·kg~(-1);另外,COC的吸附能力优于去有机质胶体(CIC)。热力学试验表明,温度对黑土胶体吸附DEP和DBP有明显影响,随着温度升高,黑土胶体对DEP和DBP的吸附量减少;热力学参数?G°、?H°和?S°表明,黑土胶体对DEP和DBP的吸附反应是自发、放热的过程;反应体系pH对黑土胶体吸附DEP和DBP影响较大。综上所述,黑土胶体对DEP和DBP的吸附符合准二级动力学模型,吸附反应为放热过程,温度和p H在DEP和DBP的吸附和扩散过程中起着重要作用。     

海洋悬浮颗粒物对重质原油的吸附研究

对悬浮颗粒物(SPM)与重质原油的吸附规律进行研究,结果表明,40min可以达到吸附平衡,颗粒粒径愈小吸附量愈大.温度与pH值是影响吸附的因素,KP值随温度的升高而降低,随粒径的增大而减小.另外,随温度的降低吸附能力增大,酸性增大与碱性增大均有利于吸附的进行.     

土壤对恩诺沙星的吸附和解吸特性研究

恩诺沙星是第一个动物专用的氟喹诺酮类药物,在畜禽养殖业中应用非常广泛。恩诺沙星进入畜禽体后,其原形及活性代谢物会随畜禽的排泄物进入环境,对环境生物产生影响。文章研究了恩诺沙星在土壤中的吸附和解吸规律,为恩诺沙星的生态风险评价提供依据。试验分3组,各组土壤分别采自菜园、水稻田和果园。在离心管中称取1 g土壤样品,加入恩诺沙星系列标准溶液,在25±0.5℃条件下机械振摇,用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定水相中恩诺沙星的含量,分别求出土壤对恩诺沙星的吸附和解吸平衡时间及其对恩诺沙星的吸附和解吸量。结果表明,土壤对恩诺沙星的吸附和解吸平衡时间分别为34 h和44 h;土壤对恩诺沙星的吸附性很强,对恩诺沙星的吸附量占水相中恩诺沙星总量99%以上,其吸附机理符合Freundlich平衡吸附方程wS=kfρe1/n;土壤对恩诺沙星的解吸具有浓度依赖性,其解吸量仅为吸附量的1‰左右,表明恩诺沙星在土壤中的迁移能力弱,不易污染地下水。     

砷酸根促进红壤吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的机制

用一次平衡实验法研究砷酸根对Cd(Ⅱ)在红壤表面吸附和解吸的影响,结果表明,加入砷酸根使土壤对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量和解吸量均增加,且随着砷酸根加入量的增加,土壤对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附增量和解吸增量也均增加.当向体系中加入砷酸根后,红壤胶体的Zeta电位显著降低,说明胶体颗粒表面的净负电荷增加.这说明砷酸根主要通过自身吸附增加了土壤表面的净负电荷,从而增加了土壤对Cd(Ⅱ)的静电吸附量.研究结果还表明,在pH 3.5-6.0范围内,砷酸根均表现出对Cd(Ⅱ)吸附的显著促进作用,说明砷酸根与Cd(Ⅱ)在红壤表面的协同作用可以在比较宽的pH范围内发生.     

土壤环境中重金属元素的相互作用及其对吸持特性的影响

本文用正交试验法研究了Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn、As五种元素复合作用时土壤颗粒的吸附解吸特性.结果表明:供试元素的吸附过程均符合Langmiur方程,其吸持能力依次为Pb>As>Cu>Zn>Cd,而最大吸附量顺序正好相反.Cd,As为复合污染的主要因子,同时还显著地影响其它元素的吸附解吸过程.土壤对重金属元素的吸附和解吸量不仅与平衡溶液中元素浓度有关,而且还明显地受共存元素及其交互作用的影响,交互作用的结果与元素间的相对浓度及其比例有关.AsO_4~(3-)的存在使Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn的吸附解吸过程变得极为复杂,这可能与产生重金属盐沉淀和次级吸附和解吸有关.     

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯（DEHP）对金鲫鱼脑细胞DNA的损伤

为了研究邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)对金鲫鱼(Carassius auratu)脑细胞DNA的损伤作用,采用不同浓度的DEHP溶液(0、25、50、100、200mg·L-1)对体外培养脑细胞进行染毒,应用单细胞凝胶电泳(彗星实验)检测脑细胞DNA的损伤效应.结果表明,染毒1.5h后,与对照组相比,DEHP各染毒组细胞尾部DNA百分率(Tail DNA%)和尾矩(Tail Moment)均显著升高(p<0.01),即DEHP染毒引起了脑细胞DNA的严重断裂;随着DEHP浓度的增加,DNA损伤程度加剧,细胞尾部DNA百分率及尾距与DEHP染毒浓度呈明显的剂量-效应关系.以上结果表明,DEHP可导致金鲫鱼脑细胞DNA损伤。     

The influences of different organic fractions in refuse on the sorption and bioavailability of dibutyl phthalate

The structure and composition of the organic matter in landfilled refuse might have an influence on the migration and transformation of dibutyl phthalate (DBP). Humic acid (HA) and humin (HU) were separated from aged-refuse to determine the influences of different organic fractions in the refuse on the sorption and bioavailability of DBP. The sorption kinetics and isotherms for the sorption of DBP to HA, HU, and whole refuse were determined. The results showed that the sorption constants (K) and nonlinearities decreased in the order HU?>?whole refuse?>?HA. The HA had lower K values than did the other refuse fractions, and it retarded the biodegradation of DBP over a short degradation period (48?h). Increasing the amount of HA present caused the amount of DBP that was biodegraded to decrease significantly, 81.3% of the DBP sorbed to HA being degraded in the original experiments after 48?h but 21.8% of the DBP being degraded when three times as much HA was used. Similar results were not observed when the amount of HU used was changed. These findings suggest that HA plays an important role in the biodegradation of DBP adsorbed by refuse.     

植物对酞酸酯的敏感性

采用发芽试验和温室盆试验等方法，研究了酞酸酯（ＤＢＰ、ＤＥＨＰ）对番茄等１２种蔬菜以及水稻、小麦和油菜的影响。结果表明：酞酸酯（１０ｍｇ／１）对种子发芽率无明显影响，但对幼苗形态特征有一定作用。电镜观察表明：受害叶片叶绿体数量减少、结构改变。初步讨论了酞酸酯的理化性质与作物受害的关系，划分了蔬菜对酞酸酯的敏感性顺序。     

Seasonal Fluctuations in the Nutritional Value of Particulate Organic Matter in A Lagoon

Water samples were collected on a fortnightly basis in the lagoon of S. Gilla (Sardinia, Mediterranean Sea) in order to study seasonal nutritional fluctuations of particulate organic matter. the lagoon is characterized by high quantities of suspended matter throughout the year. Thermohaline conditions had no effect on particulate matter quantity and composition, but the quantity as well as quality of suspended particles was drastically affected by the wind, the major effecter of sediment resuspension. As a result of sediment resuspension, seston was always richer in inorganic fraction. However, throughout the year of investigation, most particulate organic carbon was quite appealing for filter feeding communities, although the best POM quality was available during phytoplankton blooming. the phytoplankton pool of suspended matter was just a small fraction of the bulk, accounting for only 13% on average of particulate organic carbon. in terms of energy available in the seston, the highest amount was stored in organic matter heterotrophic fraction, whilst the smallest was to be found in living phytoplankton.     

土壤中酞酸酯的分析方法研究

经过系统研究,建立了以正已烷/丙酮(V/V:2/1)为溶剂,对土壤进行超声萃取,然后以浓H_2SO_4进行纯化的分析土壤中酞酸酯的方法。本方法具有省时、省溶剂、空白低及纯化效果好的特点,具有很强的实用性。     

基于风险的Football组合法在筛选农用地优先控制酞酸酯类污染物的应用

为探索建立农用地优先管控酞酸酯类有毒有害化学物质的筛选方法,基于Football组合法开展了相关研究。结果表明,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)等5种酞酸酯类内源污染物潜在风险较高,将筛选结果与国内外管控化学物质名单进行比较分析,表明Football组合法可用于筛选农用地优先控制酞酸酯类有毒有害物质。     

Distribution and sources of phthalate esters in the topsoils of Beijing,China

Phthalate esters in the topsoil samples collected from Beijing were determined by derivatization and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques. The results showed that diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate ester (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate ester (DBP), dibutyl (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) were found in the topsoils. The total concentrations of the five phthalate esters varied from 2.30 to 24.71 μg g^?1. According to phthalate esters (PAEs) control standards in soil of the USA, the standard exceeding rates of DMP, DBP, and DEHP were 100 %, 100 %, and 4.84 % in soils of Beijing, respectively. The rate of DBP exceeding soil remediation standard was 12.9 %. Overall, concentrations of PAEs in Beijing were at a high level in China. The concentrations of DBP, DEHP, and DIBP were high, and the total concentrations of all the phthalate esters were higher in the areas with intensive human activities than in the other areas, which may be related to the use of phthalate compounds (such as the use of plastic products). The total and individual concentrations of phthalate compounds were relatively low in the areas that used plastic films compared with other samples due to the diffusion of atmospheric motion, categories, and amounts of plastic products and other factors. The greatest contributor may be the usage amount of plastic products in people’s daily lives.     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯污染对苦草生理生化指标的影响

以沉水植物苦草为试验材料,通过模拟实验研究了邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)长期暴露对苦草的生长状况以及丙二醛、可溶性糖、叶绿素、谷胱甘肽、蛋白质和氨基酸的含量等生理生化指标的影响,试验结果表明：高浓度DBP长期暴露对苦草生长有严重伤害,DBP对苦草丙二醛和可溶性糖含量以及叶片中叶绿素含量的影响比较相似,都有一定的起伏．在DBP胁迫下,苦草中氨基酸总量和蛋白质含量与对照组相比呈下降趋势．苦草体内谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量明显低于对照,且随DBP浓度的升高GSH含量下降,统计分析表明有显著性差异．因此,谷胱甘肽含量可以考虑作为DBP对沉水植物早期伤害的指标．     

Bestimmung von Phthalsäureestern in Lebensmitteln, Frauenmilch, Hausstaub und Textilien

25 food samples, 5 mother’s milk specimens, 4 dust samples, and 16 textiles were analysed for phthalic acid esters. Phthalic acid esters were detected in all samples, with di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) being the most abundant phthalates. Raw milk samples revealed average concentrations of total phthalate of 0.1 mg/kg. Retail milk did not contain higher loads than raw milk, even storing samples until their “best-before” date did not result in elevated levels. Skimmed milk was less contaminated than whole milk. The higher concentrations of DEHP and total phthalates in cream samples are due to their higher fat content. With concentrations up to 1.54 mg/kg, ground hazelnuts, almonds, and nutmeg in plastic packagings showed relatively high levels. In infant food, only traces of DEHP and DBP could be found while other phthalic acid esters were not detectable. The mother’s milk samples also exhibited only low amounts of approx. 0.1 mg/kg, thus indicating that there is no accumulation of phthalate esters in the human body. Extraordinarily high concentrations were found in dust samples; with the levels ranging from 300 to 5370 mg/kg and DEHP being the major compound. This leads to the conclusion that the air path must play a considerable role in the transfer of phthalic acid esters. As dust contains considerable amounts of textile fibres, textiles were also included in the investigation. The phthalic ester levels in the textile samples ranged from 3.42 to 34.44 mg/kg. Therefore, the high phthalate contaminations of dust cannot be explained by textile fibres.