北京城市大气CO2浓度变化特征及影响因素

北京大气CO₂浓度日变化强烈,全年北京时间15:00时前后为全天最低值,最高值则出现在夜间,日变化幅度为23.2～39.0μmol·mol^-1,夏季和秋季日变化幅度比冬季和春季大.北京城区大气CO₂浓度季节变化明显,最大值出现在冬季,月平均浓度为421.5～441.0μmol·mol^-1;最小值则在夏季,月平均浓度367.4～371.6μmol·mol北京CO₂浓度的季节变化幅度明显高于附近的华北兴隆区域站和瓦里关山大陆本底站等的相应值,其原因是北京CO2浓度季节变化主要受人为取暖活动控制,同时植被的季节变化也起一定作用.1993～1995年北京大气CO₂浓度上升较快,平均增长率为3.7%·a^-1,1995年平均浓度达到最高,为409.7±25.9μmol·mol,随后缓慢下降.     

瓦里关山大气CO2及其δ13C本底变化

利用 1991— 2 0 0 1年期间实测资料 ,分析了瓦里关全球基准站大气CO2 及其δ13 C本底特征 ,并探讨了与源汇过程的关系 .结果表明 ,瓦里关大气CO2 及其δ13 C本底变化主要反映了北半球中高纬度大陆自然生态系统源汇的周期性季节特征 ,而海洋的作用相对较弱 ;大气CO2 及其δ13 C本底浓度范围与所处纬度带平均状况基本吻合 ,年平均值以及年际间涨落与全球水平的一致性反映出化石燃料燃烧等人为排放对大气圈的全球性影响 ;瓦里关站提供的主要温室气体本底观测资料 ,既能体现亚洲内陆地域特点又具有全球代表性 ,配合以其它相关资料 ,还可进一步揭示中国内陆高原大气CO2 及其δ13 C本底特征的成因 .     

《2013年中国温室气体公报》发布温室气体浓度持续上升

<正>根据中国气象局9日发布的《2013年中国温室气体公报》,2013年青海瓦里关全球大气本底站监测的二氧化碳、甲烷和氧化亚氮3种主要温室气体年平均浓度分别升至397.3×10-6、188×10-9和326.4×10-9,均创下1990年建站以来的新高,与北半球中纬度地区平均浓度大体相当,高于同期全球平均值.中国气象科学研究院院长端义宏在发布会上介绍,整个北半球同纬度地区,包括美国、日本、欧洲,温室气体浓度都是相当的.青海瓦里关全球大气本底站是全球30个大气本底站之一,是北半球内陆腹地唯一大气本底观测站,其     

地面风对瓦里关山大气CO2本底浓度的影响分析

使用 1994年 7月— 2 0 0 0年 7月大气CO2 和地面风现场连续观测资料 ,分析了瓦里关全球大气本底基准站 (36°17′N ,10 0°5 4′E ,海拔 3816m)地面风变化对大气CO2 本底浓度的影响 .结果表明 ,水平风向、风速和垂直风向、风速的变化对大气CO2 观测值的影响在春、夏、秋、冬季有明显不同 .由大量观测事实的统计平均还给出了瓦里关山大气CO2 浓度在不同季节的分布范围和日变化类型 ,并分析了形成原因 .将地面风数据作为大气CO2 本底资料的过滤因子之一 ,提出了适用于不同使用目的和要求的我国内陆高原地区大气CO2 本底数据筛选方法     

瓦里关山大气CH4本底变化

利用 1991 0 5— 2 0 0 2 0 5期间实测资料 ,分析了瓦里关全球基准站 (36°17′N ,10 0°5 4′E ,海拔 3816m)大气CH4本底特征 ,并探讨了与源汇过程的关系 .结果表明 ,瓦里关山大气CH4体积分数本底范围和增长趋势与 6 0°N— 30°N平均水平大致相符 ,但本底体积分数季节变化与所处纬度带基本特征和季节振幅的地理分布差异较大 ,年增长值波动也与全球平均状况并不完全一致 ,是所在地区多种CH4源汇和大气输送共同作用的结果 .瓦里关站提供的大气CH4本底观测资料 ,既能体现亚洲内陆地域特点又具有全球代表性 ,辅以其它相关资料 ,还可进一步揭示中国内陆高原大气CH4本底特征的成因     

瓦里关山大气CO本底变化

利用1992 01～2002 12期间的实测资料,分析了瓦里关全球基准站(36°17′N,100°54′E,海拔3816m)大气CO本底特征,并探讨了与源汇过程的关系.结果表明,瓦里关山大气CO体积分数本底范围与北半球平均水平基本相符,但增长趋势及年增长率波动与北半球平均状况并不完全一致,多年平均季节变化与同纬度海洋边界层(MBL)参比值以及北半球平均值也有较大差异,是所在地区多种CO源汇和大气输送共同作用的结果.瓦里关山大气CO本底观测资料既能体现亚洲内陆地域特点又具有全球代表性,辅以其它相关资料,还可进一步揭示中国内陆高原大气CO本底特征的成因.     

AIRS反演青藏高原对流层大气甲烷分布特征

利用AIRS反演结果与瓦里关大气本底站甲烷浓度观测资料进行了对比分析,并对2003~2015年青藏高原对流层大气甲烷浓度的分布变化特征进行研究分析.结果表明:AIRS反演资料与瓦里关观测资料具有一致的月、年、季度变化趋势和分段变化特征.青藏高原甲烷浓度沿羌塘高原东缘——三江源西北地区一线,东南高、西北低,随高度上升呈现显著降低趋势,高原中部偏南地区甲烷浓度变率最大且异常敏感.2003~2015年青藏高原甲烷浓度持续上升,秋季最快、冬季最慢,年增长速度为5.2nmol/(mol?a),2013~2015期间小于全球增速;季节变化为典型单峰分布,夏季最高,春季最低,随着高度上升季节变化更为明显.     

青海瓦里关地面臭氧浓度的变化特征

为探讨地面O₃ 生成和变化机制,利用青海省瓦里关大气本底基准观象台1994~2002 年的地面O₃ 连续观测资料,结合同期瓦里关CO数据及3 个相近高海拔全球背景站点Mauna Loa, Jungfraujoch, Izaña 的O₃ 和CO 资料,对瓦里关地面O₃ 变化特征进行分析.结果表明,瓦里关地面O₃ 浓度有逐年缓慢增加的趋势,存在明显的季节变化,O₃ 最高值出现在夏季,而其他3 个站点最高值出现在春季.与Izaña 站相似,瓦里关地面O₃ 的日变化幅度较小,日最小值出现在中午时分,最大值出现在晚上和凌晨.瓦里关地面O₃ 和CO 存在一定的相关性,但相关性不显著     

北京城市大气CO2浓度变化特征及影响因素

北京大气CO2浓度日变化强烈,全年北京时间15:00时前后为全天最低值,最高值则出现在夜间,日变化幅度为23.2～39.0μmol@mol-1,夏季和秋季日变化幅度比冬季和春季大.北京城区大气CO2浓度季节变化明显,最大值出现在冬季,月平均浓度为421.5～441.0μmol@mol-1;最小值则在夏季,月平均浓度367.4～371.6μmol@mol北京CO2浓度的季节变化幅度明显高于附近的华北兴隆区域站和瓦里关山大陆本底站等的相应值,其原因是北京CO2浓度季节变化主要受人为取暖活动控制,同时植被的季节变化也起一定作用.1993～1995年北京大气CO2浓度上升较快,平均增长率为3.7%@a-1,1995年平均浓度达到最高,为409.7±25.9μmol@mol,随后缓慢下降.     

江西赣州站大气CO2和CH4浓度变化特征研究

通过分析2018年12月—2019年11月江西赣州站大气CO₂和CH₄浓度高精度在线观测资料,对其CO₂和CH₄浓度变化特征进行了研究,分析了区域大气输送的影响以及潜在排放源区分布特征.结果表明：研究期内赣州站CO₂和CH₄的平均浓度分别为433.1×10^-6和2142.5×10^-9.赣州站CO₂和CH₄浓度日变化均表现为日间低、早晚高,CO₂浓度日振幅在夏季最大,为29.7×10^-6,冬季最小,为6.9×10^-6.CH₄浓度日振幅在秋季最大,为145.1×10^-9,冬季最小,为41.4×10^-9.CO₂本底浓度季节变化表现为4—8月迅速下降,8—11月逐渐上升,最大值出现在1月,最小值出现在8月,季节振幅为26.2×10^-6.CH₄本底浓度季节变化表现为1—7月逐渐下降,7—9月逐渐上升,最大值出现在1月,最小值出现在7月,季节振幅为79.5×10^-9,基本可代表江西赣州地区混合均匀大气的CO₂和CH₄季节变化状况.与南昌站对比分析表明,赣州站各季节CO₂和CH₄本底浓度均低于南昌站.赣州地区CO₂和CH₄潜在源区主要分布在江西北部、湖北东部、安徽南部和珠江三角洲地区.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.