液/固相单一离子吸附体系的动力学预测模型

对四种液/固相单一离子吸附体系的动力学研究结果表明:吸附速率不仅随时间变化,也与起始离子浓度(C0)和吸附剂浓度(W0)有关;Lagergren准二级方程在给定的起始离子浓度及吸附剂浓度下具有很高的模拟精确度,但其参数随起始离子浓度和吸附剂浓度的变化而变化,且无法确定其间的函数关系;结合四组分离子吸附模型,提出了新的动力学方程,实验结果表明,新方程具有较高的模拟精确度,其参数与C0和W0具有相对稳定的函数关系,可作为液/同相单一离子吸附体系中给定C0,W0条件下吸附动力学过程的预测模型.     

生物吸附剂-海黍子吸附镍

采用生物吸附剂-海黍子对重金属镍离子进行吸附，做了动力学实验，得到了海黍子吸附镍的动力学方程。研究了溶液的pH值，初始Ni^2 浓度等因素对Ni^2 的吸附特性的影响，得到最佳pH值4～6及最大吸附量0．8283mmo1／g，并用Langmuir和Freundlich方程对吸附等温线进行了拟合，用Langmuir方程拟合相关系数R^2达0．999以上。     

干旱区灰钙土和风沙土对Zn的吸附与解吸特性

以自然土壤灰钙土和风沙土作为试验供试土壤,研究了Zn在两种土壤样品中的吸附-解吸特性.结果表明:(1)当平衡液中Zn浓度较低时,土壤对Zn的吸附量随浓度的增加而增加,但增加速度较慢;平衡液中Zn浓度继续增加时,吸附量增加速率变大(曲线斜率逐渐增大),由于灰钙土有机质、碳酸钙、p H等高于风沙土,所以灰钙土对Zn的吸附量大于风沙土;(2)在实验设定的浓度范围内,Langmuir模型、Freundlich模型对实验数据的拟合线性相关均极显著,但总体来看Freundlich型吸附等温线方程适合描述土壤对Zn吸附过程;(3)两种土壤的高碳酸钙及有机质含量导致土壤吸附的Zn不容易被解吸,所以两种土壤的解吸量都很少,且灰钙土p H(8.65)大于风沙土(8.17),则风沙土解吸量大于灰钙土,土壤吸附Zn的解吸率与土壤Zn吸附能力呈反比,Zn在风沙土中的解吸率比灰钙土大,所以Zn在沙土的迁移和扩散的风险比灰钙土大,二次函数最为适合模拟土壤中Zn的吸附量与解吸量之间的关系,且随着Zn吸附量的增大,两种土壤对重金属Zn的解吸率均呈现出先增大后减小的趋势.     

碱渣对铜(Ⅱ)离子吸附特征的研究

研究了铜在碱渣表面的吸附特征.结果表明,碱渣总吸附量随体系温度的升高而降低;随体系pH值的升高而增加;随吸附质初始浓度的增加而增大.在pH《5.01时其等温吸附能较好地符合Freudlich等温吸附规律,而在pH》5.01时,能较好地符合Langmuir等温吸附规律,吸附热随pH值的增大而升高.当pH≤4.54时,碱渣的吸附力以偶极间力和氢键力的作用为主,而当pH》4.54时,以化学键力为主.碱渣的动力学方程亦随pH值的改变而改变,在pH=4.54时,碱渣对Cu2 的吸附动力学方程以一级动力学方程拟合效果最优;当pH为4.91和6.01时,以Langmuir方程的拟合效果最优.     

固定香菇菌柄废弃物对二元溶液中Cd(Ⅱ)的竞争性吸附

利用聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠(PVA-SA)固定香菇(Lentinus edodes)菌柄废弃物作为生物吸附剂吸附溶液中的Cd2+,吸附过滤后的溶液用原子吸收光谱仪(AAS)测定Cd2+的浓度.结果表明,一元溶液中固定香菇菌柄废弃物吸附Cd2+适宜的pH值范围为4～7,比自由态香菇粉的(pH5～7)广;二元溶液中随着pH值的增加,Cd2+的吸附率有线性增加的趋势;当固定Cd2+浓度为10mgg-1,变化干扰离子Cu2+或Pb2+(0～30mgg-1)时,吸附剂对Cd2+的吸附明显降低;分别用Langmuir、Freundlich、Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)和Langmuir-Freundlich等温吸附模型对一元和二元溶液中Cd2+的等温吸附过程进行拟合,结果表明,Langmuir吸附模型能较好地拟合一元溶液和Cd2+-Pb2+二元溶液中Cd2+的等温吸附过程,相关系数R2分别为0.9981和0.9291.D-R模型能较好地拟合Cd2+-Cu2+二元溶液中Cd2+的等温吸附过程,相关系数R2为0.9623.     

人居生活废弃物生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd2+的吸附研究

以人居生活废弃物生物黑炭为材料,探讨生物黑炭对Cd2+的吸附动力学及热力学特性,通过平衡吸附法研究吸附时间、Cd2+初始质量浓度、吸附剂投加量、溶液pH值以及黑炭粒径对Cd2+吸附率的影响.结果表明,吸附时间为2h时基本达到吸附平衡,准二级动力学方程能很好地描述生物黑炭对Cd2+的吸附过程.Langmuir模型能较好地描述生物黑炭对Cd2+的等温吸附过程,根据该模型模拟得到25℃条件下Cd2+最大吸附量为6.22mg·g-1.Cd2+去除率随生物黑炭投加量的增加而增大;生物黑炭对Cd2+吸附量随其粒径减小而增大;溶液初始pH值为4.0～7.5时,pH值变化对Cd2+吸附量的影响不显著.采用人居生活废弃物生物黑炭去除水溶液中Cd2+时,控制溶液Cd2+初始质量浓度30mg·L-1,粒径小于0.25 mm,投加水平8g·L-1,反应温度25℃,反应时间1～2h,Cd2+去除率可达80％.人居生活废弃物生物黑炭可以作为去除污染水体中Cd2+的吸附剂.     

不同类型土壤对重金属的吸附特性

为了解重金属在土壤中的迁移转化规律,为确定土壤环境容量和治理土壤重金属污染提供理论依据,采用室内试验方法研究了采自山东的棕壤、黑龙江的黑土、陕西的黄棕壤和山西的褐土吸附Cu2 、Pb2 和Cd2 的特性及溶液pH、外加腐殖酸、溶液中重金属初始含量对吸附的影响.由振荡平衡法进行吸附试验,原子吸收分光光度法测定平衡溶液中重金属的吸光度值.试验结果表明:随着溶液中Cu2 、Pb2 和Cd2 含量的增大,4种土壤对Cu2 、Pb2 和Cd2 的吸附量逐渐增大.溶液pH值对土壤吸附重金属的影响因土壤性质和重金属特性的不同而不同.加入腐殖酸,4种土壤对Cu2 、Pb2 和Cd2 的吸附量明显减少.不同吸附模型拟合结果表明,4种土壤对Pb2 的吸附等温线都符合 Langmuir 方程和Freundlich方程,对Cu2 吸附等温线拟合的Langmuir 方程和Freundlich方程的相关性不理想,对Cd2 吸附等温线拟合符合Freundlich方程.     

牛粪源生物炭对水中甲基紫的吸附动力学和热力学

600℃缺氧热解制得牛粪源生物炭(CBC),采用SEM、FTIR和XRD等分析手段对生物炭理化性质进行表征,并通过静态平衡吸附法研究了CBC对甲基紫的吸附动力学及热力学过程.结果表明,甲基紫的吸附量随着其初始浓度的增加而增大,初始浓度由10 mg·L~(-1)增加到40 mg·L~(-1),平衡吸附量由5 mg·g~(-1)提高到30 mg·g~(-1),吸附过程先快后慢,60 min后吸附达到平衡;甲基紫的吸附量还随溶液pH的增加而增大,随温度的升高而增大;用准一级动力学方程、准二级动力学方程、Langmuir吸附等温方程、Freundlich吸附等温方程对试验数据进行拟合,结果表明,准二级动力学模型更准确地反映其吸附动力学过程,Freundlich等温方程与实验数据拟合度更好,即甲基紫在CBC上的吸附以化学吸附为主;吸附热力学参数ΔG~o0、ΔS~o0、ΔH~o0,表明甲基紫在CBC上的吸附是自发进行的吸热过程.     

Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)存在下改性玉米秸秆对Cd~(2+)的吸附

以丙烯腈改性的玉米秸秆为吸附剂,对水体中的Cu2+,Pb2+,Cd2+进行吸附,用双组分竞争模型和LCA模型对实验结果进行拟合,结果表明:改性玉米秸秆对三种重金属离子的吸附能很好地符合Lang-muir方程,相关性(R2)分别为0.98,0.95和0.98,最大吸附容量分别为9.34,31.8和12.7mg·g-1;在Cu2+和Pb2+存在下,改性玉米秸秆对Cd2+的吸附受到明显的抑制,且随Cu2+和Pb2+浓度的增大抑制作用加强;在低浓度时,该吸附材料优先吸附顺序为:Cu2+＞Pb2+＞Cd2+,高浓度时为:Pb2+＞Cu2+＞Cd2+.     

花生壳吸附Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Cr^3＋、Cd^2＋、Ni^2＋的动力学和热力学研究

以花生壳为生物吸附剂,通过序批式实验研究了吸附剂投量、吸附时间、金属离子初始质量浓度、吸附温度对吸附金属离子的影响,探讨了花生壳吸附的动力学及热力学特性。结果表明,准二级动力学方程能很好地描述花生壳对Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Cr^3＋、Cd^2＋、Ni^2＋的吸附过程。Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型均能较好地描述花生壳对5种重金属离子的等温吸附过程,而Langmuir模型拟合的线性更好。Pb2＋、Cu2＋、Cr3＋、Cd2＋、Ni2＋5种金属离子的最大吸附量分别是32.25、7.09、3.82、2.95、2.22 mg.g-1,花生壳可用于处理低质量浓度多种重金属混合的废水。热力学研究表明,花生壳对5种金属离子的吸附具有自发、吸热和熵增的特性。     

不同作物原料热裂解生物质炭对溶液中Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附特性

选择由小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和花生壳经350~500℃热裂解制成的生物质炭,研究生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附特性,分析了pH值、吸附时间、溶液初始质量浓度、生物质炭粒径和投加量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附约10 min即达平衡;3种生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的等温吸附均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程拟合,玉米秸秆炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的最大吸附量远大于小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭;在生物黑炭投加量为150 mg(6 g.L-1)时,3种生物黑炭对溶液Cd2+的去除率均在90%以上,玉米秸秆炭对溶液Pb2+的去除率达90.30%,而小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭的去除率仅为52%和47%,玉米秸秆炭有望成为处理重金属污染废水的新型吸附材料。     

不同作物原料热裂解生物质炭对溶液中Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附特性

选择由小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和花生壳经350-500℃热裂解制成的生物质炭,研究生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附特性,分析了pH值、吸附时间、溶液初始质量浓度、生物质炭粒径和投加量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明：生物质炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附约10 min即达平衡;3种生物质炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的等温吸附均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程拟合,玉米秸秆炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的最大吸附量远大于小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭;在生物黑炭投加量为150 mg（6 g.L-1）时,3种生物黑炭对溶液Cd2＋的去除率均在90%以上,玉米秸秆炭对溶液Pb2＋的去除率达90.30%,而小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭的去除率仅为52%和47%,玉米秸秆炭有望成为处理重金属污染废水的新型吸附材料。     

黄棕壤和红壤吸附磷酸根后对Zn^2＋和Cd^2＋次级吸附的动力学

本文用流动法考察湖北省黄棕壤和湖南省红壤吸附磷酸根后，对Ｚｎ＾２＋和Ｃｄ＾２＋次级吸附的动力学。结果表明，Ｚｎ＾２＋和Ｃｄ＾２＋的次级吸附动力学可用一级议程拟合。初级吸附的磷酸根可造成黄棕壤对Ｚｎ＾２＋和Ｃｄ＾２＋次级吸附的速率下降；而红壤对Ｚｎ＾２＋和Ｃｄ＾２＋次级吸附的快反应速率下降，慢反应速率加大。Ｚｎ＾２＋和Ｃｄ＾２＋浓度增高可加快次级吸附反应速率；升高温度也可增快次级吸附速率。扩散作用对     

Preparation and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-FeOOH-coated sand and its adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions

Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to explore the adsorption of Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions by β-FeOOH-coated sand. We investigated the key factors which affected the adsorption process such as adsorbent dosage, initial pH, initial Cr(VI) ion concentration, contact time and temperature. The uptake of Cr(VI) was very rapid and 44.3%, 51.6%, 58.9% of the adsorption happened during the first 180 minutes at 293K, 303K and 313K, respectively. The pseudo-second-order rate equation successfully described the adsorption kinetics. To study the adsorption isotherm, two equilibrium models, the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, were adopted. At 293K, 303K and 313K, the adsorption capacities obtained from the Langmuir isotherm were 0.060, 0.070 and 0.076 mg Cr(VI) per gram of the adsorbent, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters such as the change of energy, enthalpy and entropy were calculated using the equilibrium constants. The negative value of ΔG ⁰ and the positive value of ΔH ⁰ showed that the adsorption of Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions by β-FeOOH-coated sand was spontaneous, endothermic and occurred by physisorption.     

Lead(II) and cadmium(II) removal from aqueous solution using processed walnut shell: kinetic and equilibrium study

The biosorption potential of processed walnut shell for Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions was explored. The effects of pH, contact time, initial ion concentration, and amount of dried adsorbent were studied in batch experiments. The maximum adsorption was achieved within the pH range 4.0–6.0. The equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities were found to be 32?g?kg^?1 and 11.6?g?kg^?1 for Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions, respectively. Kinetic data were best described by the pseudo-second-order model. The structural features of the adsorbent were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which confirmed the involvement of hydroxyl (–OH), carboxyl (–COO^–), and carbonyl (C=O) groups in metal sorption. This readily available adsorbent is efficient in the uptake of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from an aqueous solution and could be used for the treatment of wastewater streams bearing these metal ions.     

The cadmium adsorption capacity of contaminated marine sediments from Hong Kong

The binding capacity of Cd to the sediment particles determines the potential of Cd release from the sediments. An experiment was performed to evaluate the adsorption of Cd by contaminated sediments collected from three different locations in Hong Kong, i.e. Kwun Tong, North Point and Nam Tam Wan, having different degrees of pollution. Langmuir and Freundlich equations were used to evaluate the adsorption of Cd by the sediments. Adsorption isotherms obtained from the Freudlich and Langmuir equations were generally linear and the adsorption of Cd by the sediments was significantly correlated with the adsorption maximum and binding energy constant of the Langmuir equation, and equilibrium partition constant of the Freundlich equation. All sediments had a high Cd adsorption capacity and the highly organic contaminated sediments from Kwun Tong had the highest adsorption capacity of 24,272 mg kg^‐1 at pH8. The adsorption of Cd for all sediments increased with a rise in pH of the equilibrium solution and the total organic carbon content of the sediments. Therefore, a change in the sediment chemical equilibrium is likely to reduce the binding capacity.     

Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution using waste weed, Salvinia cucullata

Biosorption studies of Cr(VI) were carried out using waste weed, Salvinia cucullata. Various adsorption parameters were studied, such as agitation speed, contact time, pH, particle size, and concentrations of adsorbent and adsorbate. The equilibrium was achieved in 12 h. A lower pH favoured adsorption of Cr(VI). The kinetics followed pseudo-second-order rate equations. The adsorption isotherm obeyed both the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The calculated activation energy (1.1 kJ mol^-1) suggested that the adsorption followed a diffusion-controlled mechanism. Various thermodynamic parameters such as Δ G^°, Δ H^°, and Δ S^° were also calculated. The positive values of enthalpy indicated the endothermic nature of the reaction, and Δ S^° showed the increasing randomness at the solid liquid interface of Cr(VI) on the adsorbent, which revealed the ease of adsorption reaction. These thermo-dynamic parameters showed the spontaneity of the reaction. The maximum adsorption of uptake (232 mg g^-1) compared well with reported values of similar adsorbents. The rate-determining step was observed to follow an intra-particle diffusion model.     

人居生活废弃物生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd^2＋的吸附研究

以人居生活废弃物生物黑炭为材料,探讨生物黑炭对Cd^2＋的吸附动力学及热力学特性,通过平衡吸附法研究吸附时间、Cd^2＋初始质量浓度、吸附剂投加量、溶液pH值以及黑炭粒径对Cd^2＋吸附率的影响。结果表明,吸附时间为2h时基本达到吸附平衡,准二级动力学方程能很好地描述生物黑炭对Cd^2＋的吸附过程。Langmuir模型能较好地描述生物黑炭对Cd^2＋的等温吸附过程,根据该模型模拟得到25℃条件下Cd^2＋最大吸附量为6．22 mg·g^-1 Cd^2＋去除率随生物黑炭投加量的增加而增大;生物黑炭对Cd^2＋吸附量随其粒径减小而增大;溶液初始pH值为4．0-7．5时,pH值变化对Cd2’吸附量的影响不显著。采用人居生活废弃物生物黑炭去除水溶液中Cd^2＋时,控制溶液Cd^2＋初始质量浓度30mg·L^-1,粒径小于0．25mm,投加水平8g·L^-1,反应温度25℃,反应时间1-2h,Cd^2＋去除率可达80％。人居生活废弃物生物黑炭可以作为去除污染水体中Cd^2＋的吸附剂。